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Koptev A, Gerya T, Calais E, Leroy S, Burov E. Afar triple junction triggered by plume-assisted bi-directional continental break-up. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14742. [PMID: 30283091 PMCID: PMC6170478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent ridge-ridge-ridge (R-R-R) triple junctions are one of the most remarkable, yet largely enigmatic, features of plate tectonics. The juncture of the Arabian, Nubian, and Somalian plates is a type-example of the early development stage of a triple junction where three active rifts meet at a ‘triple point’ in Central Afar. This structure may result from the impingement of the Afar plume into a non-uniformly stressed continental lithosphere, but this process has never been reproduced by self-consistent plume-lithosphere interaction experiments. Here we use 3D thermo-mechanical numerical models to examine the initiation of plume-induced rift systems under variable far-field stress conditions. Whereas simple linear rift structures are preferred under uni-directional extension, we find that more complex patterns form in response to bi-directional extension, combining one or several R-R-R triple junctions. These triple junctions optimize the geometry of continental break-up by minimizing the amount of dissipative mechanical work required to accommodate multi-directional extension. Our models suggest that Afar-like triple junctions are an end-member mode of plume-induced bi-directional rifting that combines asymmetrical northward pull and symmetrical EW extension at similar rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koptev
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP), Paris, France. .,Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Taras Gerya
- ETH-Zurich, Institute of Geophysics, Sonnegstrasse 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Calais
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Department of Geosciences, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 8538, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Leroy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP), Paris, France
| | - Evgueni Burov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP), Paris, France
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Saleh M, Younes M, Basuony A, Abdel-Hamid F, Nagy A, Badry A. Distribution and phylogeography of Blanford’s Fox, Vulpes cana (Carnivora: Canidae), in Africa and the Middle East. ZOOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2017.1419454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saleh
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Younes
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Basuony
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fouad Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Nagy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Badry
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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The propagation of seafloor spreading in the southwestern subbasin, South China Sea. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fournier M, Chamot-Rooke N, Petit C, Huchon P, Al-Kathiri A, Audin L, Beslier MO, d'Acremont E, Fabbri O, Fleury JM, Khanbari K, Lepvrier C, Leroy S, Maillot B, Merkouriev S. Arabia-Somalia plate kinematics, evolution of the Aden-Owen-Carlsberg triple junction, and opening of the Gulf of Aden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bailey G. The Red Sea, Coastal Landscapes, and Hominin Dispersals. THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN POPULATIONS IN ARABIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Grandin R, Socquet A, Binet R, Klinger Y, Jacques E, de Chabalier JB, King GCP, Lasserre C, Tait S, Tapponnier P, Delorme A, Pinzuti P. September 2005 Manda Hararo-Dabbahu rifting event, Afar (Ethiopia): Constraints provided by geodetic data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hubert-Ferrari A, King G, Woerd JVD, Villa I, Altunel E, Armijo R. Long-term evolution of the North Anatolian Fault: new constraints from its eastern termination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1144/sp311.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe deformation and40Ar–39Ar dating of recent volcanism, that remarkably sits across the North Anatolian Fault eastern termination in Turkey, together with previous studies, put strong constraints on the long-term evolution of the fault. We argue that after a first phase of 10 Ma, characterized by a slip rate of about 3 mm/a, and during which most of the trace was established, the slip rate jumped to about 20 mm/a on average over the last 2.5 Ma, without substantial increase of the fault length. The transition correlates with a change in the geometry at the junction with the East Anatolian Fault that makes the extrusion process more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari
- Section de Sismologie, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, rue circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey King
- Laboratoire de Tectonique, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, UMR, 4 place Jussieu, Paris, 75252 Cedex 05, France
| | - Jérome van der Woerd
- IPGS-EOST, UMR CNRS/ULP 7516, 5, rue Rene Descartes, Strasbourg, 67084 Cedex, France
| | - Igor Villa
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1-3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erhan Altunel
- Dept. of Geology, Engineering Faculty, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Rolando Armijo
- Laboratoire de Tectonique, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, UMR, 4 place Jussieu, Paris, 75252 Cedex 05, France
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Kidane T, Courtillot V, Manighetti I, Audin L, Lahitte P, Quidelleur X, Gillot PY, Gallet Y, Carlut J, Haile T. New paleomagnetic and geochronologic results from Ethiopian Afar: Block rotations linked to rift overlap and propagation and determination of a ∼2 Ma reference pole for stable Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Kidane
- Laboratoires de Paléomagnétisme et de Tectonique; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Addis-Ababa; Addis-Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Vincent Courtillot
- Laboratoires de Paléomagnétisme et de Tectonique; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - Isabelle Manighetti
- Laboratoires de Paléomagnétisme et de Tectonique; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - Laurence Audin
- Laboratoires de Paléomagnétisme et de Tectonique; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Devoloppement; Université Paul Sabatier, Géologie; Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Lahitte
- Laboratoire de Géochronologie Multi-Techniques, Université Paris Sud-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sciences de la Terre; Université Paris XI-Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - Xavier Quidelleur
- Laboratoires de Paléomagnétisme et de Tectonique; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
- Laboratoire de Géochronologie Multi-Techniques, Université Paris Sud-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sciences de la Terre; Université Paris XI-Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - Pierre-Yves Gillot
- Laboratoire de Géochronologie Multi-Techniques, Université Paris Sud-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sciences de la Terre; Université Paris XI-Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - Yves Gallet
- Laboratoires de Paléomagnétisme et de Tectonique; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - Julie Carlut
- Laboratoire de Géologie; Ecole Normale Supérieure; Paris France
| | - Tigistu Haile
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Addis-Ababa; Addis-Ababa Ethiopia
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Feuillet N, Manighetti I, Tapponnier P, Jacques E. Arc parallel extension and localization of volcanic complexes in Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Feuillet
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère, CNRS UMR 7578; Paris France
| | - I. Manighetti
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère, CNRS UMR 7578; Paris France
| | - P. Tapponnier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère, CNRS UMR 7578; Paris France
| | - E. Jacques
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg; France
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Hébert H, Deplus C, Huchon P, Khanbari K, Audin L. Lithospheric structure of a nascent spreading ridge inferred from gravity data: The western Gulf of Aden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manighetti I, Tapponnier P, Courtillot V, Gallet Y, Jacques E, Gillot PY. Strain transfer between disconnected, propagating rifts in Afar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Manighetti I, King GCP, Gaudemer Y, Scholz CH, Doubre C. Slip accumulation and lateral propagation of active normal faults in Afar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Ritsema J, Woodhouse JH. Complex Shear Wave Velocity Structure Imaged Beneath Africa and Iceland. Science 1999; 286:1925-1928. [PMID: 10583949 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5446.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A model of three-dimensional shear wave velocity variations in the mantle reveals a tilted low velocity anomaly extending from the core-mantle boundary (CMB) region beneath the southeastern Atlantic Ocean into the upper mantle beneath eastern Africa. This anomaly suggests that Cenozoic flood basalt volcanism in the Afar region and active rifting beneath the East African Rift is linked to an extensive thermal anomaly at the CMB more than 45 degrees away. In contrast, a low velocity anomaly beneath Iceland is confined to the upper mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ritsema
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PR, UK
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Kidane T, Carlut J, Courtillot V, Gallet Y, Quidelleur X, Gillot PY, Haile T. Paleomagnetic and geochronological identification of the Réunion subchron in Ethiopian Afar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Taylor B, Goodliffe AM, Martinez F. How continents break up: Insights from Papua New Guinea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jb900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manighetti I, Tapponnier P, Gillot PY, Jacques E, Courtillot V, Armijo R, Ruegg JC, King G. Propagation of rifting along the Arabia-Somalia Plate Boundary: Into Afar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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