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Pomyalov A, Lubomirsky Y, Braverman L, Brener EA, Bouchbinder E. Self-healing solitonic slip pulses in frictional systems. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:L013001. [PMID: 36797875 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.l013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A prominent spatiotemporal failure mode of frictional systems is self-healing slip pulses, which are propagating solitonic structures that feature a characteristic length. Here, we numerically derive a family of steady state slip pulse solutions along generic and realistic rate-and-state dependent frictional interfaces, separating large deformable bodies in contact. Such nonlinear interfaces feature a nonmonotonic frictional strength as a function of the slip velocity, with a local minimum. The solutions exhibit a diverging length and strongly inertial propagation velocities, when the driving stress approaches the frictional strength characterizing the local minimum from above, and change their character when it is away from it. An approximate scaling theory quantitatively explains these observations. The derived pulse solutions also exhibit significant spatially-extended dissipation in excess of the edge-localized dissipation (the effective fracture energy) and an unconventional edge singularity. The relevance of our findings for available observations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomyalov
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yuri Lubomirsky
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lara Braverman
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Efim A Brener
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Eran Bouchbinder
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Thøgersen K, Aharonov E, Barras F, Renard F. Minimal model for the onset of slip pulses in frictional rupture. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:052802. [PMID: 34134208 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.052802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a minimal one-dimensional continuum model for the transition from cracklike to pulselike propagation of frictional rupture. In its nondimensional form, the model depends on only two free parameters: the nondimensional prestress and an elasticity ratio that accounts for the finite height of the system. The model predicts stable slip pulse solutions for slip boundary conditions, and unstable slip pulse solutions for stress boundary conditions. The results demonstrate that a mechanism based solely on elastic relaxation and redistribution of initial prestress can cause pulselike rupture, without any particular rate or slip dependences of dynamic friction. This means that pulselike propagation along frictional interfaces is likely a generic feature that can occur in systems of finite thickness over a wide range of friction constitutive laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Thøgersen
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einat Aharonov
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Fabian Barras
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - François Renard
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Propagation of large earthquakes as self-healing pulses or mild cracks. Nature 2021; 591:252-258. [PMID: 33692555 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Observations suggest that mature faults host large earthquakes at much lower levels of stress than their expected static strength1-11. Potential explanations are that the faults are quasi-statically strong but experience considerable weakening during earthquakes, or that the faults are persistently weak, for example, because of fluid overpressure. Here we use numerical modelling to examine these competing theories for simulated earthquake ruptures that satisfy the well known observations of 1-10 megapascal stress drops and limited heat production. In that regime, quasi-statically strong but dynamically weak faults mainly host relatively sharp, self-healing pulse-like ruptures, with only a small portion of the fault slipping at a given time, whereas persistently weak faults host milder ruptures with more spread-out slip, which are called crack-like ruptures. We find that the sharper self-healing pulses, which exhibit larger dynamic stress changes compared to their static stress changes, result in much larger radiated energy than that inferred teleseismically for megathrust events12. By contrast, milder crack-like ruptures on persistently weak faults, which produce comparable static and dynamic stress changes, are consistent with the seismological observations. The larger radiated energy of self-healing pulses is similar to the limited regional inferences available for crustal strike-slip faults. Our findings suggest that either large earthquakes rarely propagate as self-healing pulses, with potential differences between tectonic settings, or their radiated energy is substantially underestimated, raising questions about earthquake physics and the expected shaking from large earthquakes.
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Gombert B, Duputel Z, Shabani E, Rivera L, Jolivet R, Hollingsworth J. Impulsive Source of the 2017 M W=7.3 Ezgeleh, Iran, Earthquake. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 46:5207-5216. [PMID: 31598017 PMCID: PMC6774306 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
On 12 November 2017, a M W=7.3 earthquake struck near the Iranian town of Ezgeleh, at the Iran-Iraq border. This event was located within the Zagros fold and thrust belt which delimits the continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates. Despite a high seismic risk, the seismogenic behavior of the complex network of active faults is not well documented in this area due to the long recurrence interval of large earthquakes. In this study, we jointly invert interferometric synthetic aperture radar and near-field strong motions to infer a kinematic slip model of the rupture. The incorporation of these near-field observations enables a fine resolution of the kinematic rupture process. It reveals an impulsive seismic source with a strong southward rupture directivity, consistent with significant damage south of the epicenter. We also show that the slip direction does not match plate convergence, implying that some of the accumulated strain must be partitioned onto other faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Gombert
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR7516Université de Strasbourg, EOST/CNRSStrasbourgFrance
| | - Z. Duputel
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR7516Université de Strasbourg, EOST/CNRSStrasbourgFrance
| | - E. Shabani
- Department of Seismology, Institute of GeophysicsUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - L. Rivera
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR7516Université de Strasbourg, EOST/CNRSStrasbourgFrance
| | - R. Jolivet
- Laboratoire de géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale SupérieurePSL Research University, CNRS UMR 8538ParisFrance
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Ghaffari HO, Griffith WA, Benson PM. Microscopic Evolution of Laboratory Volcanic Hybrid Earthquakes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40560. [PMID: 28074878 PMCID: PMC5225436 DOI: 10.1038/srep40560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the interaction between fluids and microscopic defects is one of the long-standing challenges in understanding a broad range of cracking processes, in part because they are so difficult to study experimentally. We address this issue by reexamining records of emitted acoustic phonon events during rock mechanics experiments under wet and dry conditions. The frequency spectrum of these events provides direct information regarding the state of the system. Such events are typically subdivided into high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) events, whereas intermediate "Hybrid" events, have HF onsets followed by LF ringing. At a larger scale in volcanic terranes, hybrid events are used empirically to predict eruptions, but their ambiguous physical origin limits their diagnostic use. By studying acoustic phonon emissions from individual microcracking events we show that the onset of a secondary instability-related to the transition from HF to LF-occurs during the fast equilibration phase of the system, leading to sudden increase of fluid pressure in the process zone. As a result of this squeezing process, a secondary instability akin to the LF event occurs. This mechanism is consistent with observations of hybrid earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Ghaffari
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - W A Griffith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - P M Benson
- Rock Mechanics Laboratory, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
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Elkhoury JE, Knopoff L. Dynamical model of faulting in two dimensions and self-healing of large fractures. Phys Rev E 2013; 86:066118. [PMID: 23368015 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.066118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe a model for the simulation of extended two-dimensional in-plane dynamical ruptures and for the rapid calculation of statistical properties of repeated model-seismicity events. The discretization involves first- and second-nearest neighbors and is isotropic in both compression and shear properties. All rupture events obey a fracture criterion in the appropriate coordinate frame and numerical oscillations in slip velocity at crack tips due to discretization are minimized. The rupture velocities of fractures, in cases of homogeneous stress drop equal to the strength, are the supershear P-wave velocity in the direction of the prestress and the S-wave velocity in the perpendicular direction. We use the model to study the growth and healing of individual faults to understand the formation of propagating slip pulses. We confirm two mechanisms for the generation of isolated rupture pulses that have been proposed, namely, (1) a decrease in the dynamical friction with accelerating slip and (2) the encounter of the growing crack with extended regions of large difference between the threshold fracture stress and the prestress. We describe a third mechanism which is that of a velocity-dependent friction that operates equally on both the phases of increasing and decreasing slip velocities and has a characteristic length scale. It is a proxy for energy loss by radiation in a three-dimensional medium. In the case of an elongated rectangular model fault with an upper free surface and lower rigid boundary, pulses develop due to the influence of stress waves reflected from the rigid bottom boundary. In general, the excess of strength over stress drop controls crack fracture speeds; if it is too large, the crack stops. Under homogeneous stress conditions, isolated slip pulses are controlled by the spatial distribution of heterogeneities and by the velocity-dependent friction parametrization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Elkhoury
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Gabriel AA, Ampuero JP, Dalguer LA, Mai PM. The transition of dynamic rupture styles in elastic media under velocity-weakening friction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jb009468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Kirkpatrick JD, Shipton ZK. Geologic evidence for multiple slip weakening mechanisms during seismic slip in crystalline rock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Noda H, Dunham EM, Rice JR. Earthquake ruptures with thermal weakening and the operation of major faults at low overall stress levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Chapter 7 Scaling of Slip Weakening Distance with Final Slip during Dynamic Earthquake Rupture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-6142(08)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Kaneko Y, Lapusta N, Ampuero JP. Spectral element modeling of spontaneous earthquake rupture on rate and state faults: Effect of velocity-strengthening friction at shallow depths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Aagaard BT, Heaton TH. Constraining fault constitutive behavior with slip and stress heterogeneity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pulse-like and crack-like ruptures in experiments mimicking crustal earthquakes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18931-6. [PMID: 18025479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704268104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical studies have shown that the issue of rupture modes has important implications for fault constitutive laws, stress conditions on faults, energy partition and heat generation during earthquakes, scaling laws, and spatiotemporal complexity of fault slip. Early theoretical models treated earthquakes as crack-like ruptures, but seismic inversions indicate that earthquake ruptures may propagate in a self-healing pulse-like mode. A number of explanations for the existence of slip pulses have been proposed and continue to be vigorously debated. This study presents experimental observations of spontaneous pulse-like ruptures in a homogeneous linear-elastic setting that mimics crustal earthquakes; reveals how different rupture modes are selected based on the level of fault prestress; demonstrates that both rupture modes can transition to supershear speeds; and advocates, based on comparison with theoretical studies, the importance of velocity-weakening friction for earthquake dynamics.
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Ripperger J, Ampuero JP, Mai PM, Giardini D. Earthquake source characteristics from dynamic rupture with constrained stochastic fault stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ripperger
- Institute of Geophysics; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J.-P. Ampuero
- Institute of Geophysics; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - P. M. Mai
- Institute of Geophysics; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - D. Giardini
- Institute of Geophysics; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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16
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Ma S, Archuleta RJ. Radiated seismic energy based on dynamic rupture models of faulting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ma
- Department of Earth Science and Institute for Crustal Studies; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Ralph J. Archuleta
- Department of Earth Science and Institute for Crustal Studies; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
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17
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Fialko Y. Temperature fields generated by the elastodynamic propagation of shear cracks in the Earth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Fialko
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla California USA
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18
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Ohnaka M. A constitutive scaling law and a unified comprehension for frictional slip failure, shear fracture of intact rock, and earthquake rupture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitiyasu Ohnaka
- Earthquake Prediction Research Center, Earthquake Research Institute; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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19
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Samudrala O. Subsonic and intersonic shear rupture of weak planes with a velocity weakening cohesive zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Peyrat S, Olsen K, Madariaga R. Dynamic modeling of the 1992 Landers earthquake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cochard A, Rice JR. Fault rupture between dissimilar materials: Ill-posedness, regularization, and slip-pulse response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Nielsen SB, Carlson JM, Olsen KB. Influence of friction and fault geometry on earthquake rupture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Kanamori H, Heaton TH. Microscopic and macroscopic physics of earthquakes. GEOCOMPLEXITY AND THE PHYSICS OF EARTHQUAKES 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm120p0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Miller SA, Ben-Zion Y, Burg JP. A three-dimensional fluid-controlled earthquake model: Behavior and implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jb900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Harris RA. Introduction to Special Section: Stress Triggers, Stress Shadows, and Implications for Seismic Hazard. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Ide S, Takeo M. Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismic wave analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Olsen KB, Madariaga R, Archuleta RJ. Three-Dimensional Dynamic Simulation of the 1992 Landers Earthquake. Science 1997. [DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5339.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. B. Olsen
- K. B. Olsen and R. J. Archuleta, Institute for Crustal Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–1100, USA
- R. Madariaga, Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - R. Madariaga
- K. B. Olsen and R. J. Archuleta, Institute for Crustal Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–1100, USA
- R. Madariaga, Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - R. J. Archuleta
- K. B. Olsen and R. J. Archuleta, Institute for Crustal Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–1100, USA
- R. Madariaga, Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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