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Volpe G, Collettini C, Taddeucci J, Marone C, Pozzi G. Frictional instabilities in clay illuminate the origin of slow earthquakes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0869. [PMID: 38941467 PMCID: PMC11212734 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The shallowest regions of subduction megathrusts mainly deform aseismically, but they can sporadically host slow-slip events (SSEs) and tsunami earthquakes, thus representing a severe hazard. However, the mechanisms behind these remain enigmatic because the frictional properties of shallow subduction zones, usually rich in clay, do not allow earthquake slip according to standard friction theory. We present experimental data showing that clay-rich faults with bulk rate-strengthening behavior and null healing rate, typically associated with aseismic creep, can contemporaneously creep and nucleate SSE. Our experiments document slow ruptures occurring within thin shear zones, driven by structural and stress heterogeneities of the experimental faults. We propose that bulk rate-strengthening frictional behavior promotes long-term aseismic creep, whereas localized frictional shear allows slow rupture nucleation and quasi-dynamic propagation typical of rate-weakening behavior. Our results provide additional understanding of fault friction and illustrate the complex behavior of clay-rich faults, providing an alternative paradigm for interpretation of the spectrum of fault slip including SSEs and tsunami earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Volpe
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Collettini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chris Marone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Geoscience, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Giacomo Pozzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
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Pomyalov A, Lubomirsky Y, Braverman L, Brener EA, Bouchbinder E. Self-healing solitonic slip pulses in frictional systems. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:L013001. [PMID: 36797875 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.l013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A prominent spatiotemporal failure mode of frictional systems is self-healing slip pulses, which are propagating solitonic structures that feature a characteristic length. Here, we numerically derive a family of steady state slip pulse solutions along generic and realistic rate-and-state dependent frictional interfaces, separating large deformable bodies in contact. Such nonlinear interfaces feature a nonmonotonic frictional strength as a function of the slip velocity, with a local minimum. The solutions exhibit a diverging length and strongly inertial propagation velocities, when the driving stress approaches the frictional strength characterizing the local minimum from above, and change their character when it is away from it. An approximate scaling theory quantitatively explains these observations. The derived pulse solutions also exhibit significant spatially-extended dissipation in excess of the edge-localized dissipation (the effective fracture energy) and an unconventional edge singularity. The relevance of our findings for available observations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomyalov
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yuri Lubomirsky
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lara Braverman
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Efim A Brener
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Eran Bouchbinder
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Thøgersen K, Aharonov E, Barras F, Renard F. Minimal model for the onset of slip pulses in frictional rupture. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:052802. [PMID: 34134208 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.052802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a minimal one-dimensional continuum model for the transition from cracklike to pulselike propagation of frictional rupture. In its nondimensional form, the model depends on only two free parameters: the nondimensional prestress and an elasticity ratio that accounts for the finite height of the system. The model predicts stable slip pulse solutions for slip boundary conditions, and unstable slip pulse solutions for stress boundary conditions. The results demonstrate that a mechanism based solely on elastic relaxation and redistribution of initial prestress can cause pulselike rupture, without any particular rate or slip dependences of dynamic friction. This means that pulselike propagation along frictional interfaces is likely a generic feature that can occur in systems of finite thickness over a wide range of friction constitutive laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Thøgersen
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einat Aharonov
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Fabian Barras
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - François Renard
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Propagation of large earthquakes as self-healing pulses or mild cracks. Nature 2021; 591:252-258. [PMID: 33692555 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Observations suggest that mature faults host large earthquakes at much lower levels of stress than their expected static strength1-11. Potential explanations are that the faults are quasi-statically strong but experience considerable weakening during earthquakes, or that the faults are persistently weak, for example, because of fluid overpressure. Here we use numerical modelling to examine these competing theories for simulated earthquake ruptures that satisfy the well known observations of 1-10 megapascal stress drops and limited heat production. In that regime, quasi-statically strong but dynamically weak faults mainly host relatively sharp, self-healing pulse-like ruptures, with only a small portion of the fault slipping at a given time, whereas persistently weak faults host milder ruptures with more spread-out slip, which are called crack-like ruptures. We find that the sharper self-healing pulses, which exhibit larger dynamic stress changes compared to their static stress changes, result in much larger radiated energy than that inferred teleseismically for megathrust events12. By contrast, milder crack-like ruptures on persistently weak faults, which produce comparable static and dynamic stress changes, are consistent with the seismological observations. The larger radiated energy of self-healing pulses is similar to the limited regional inferences available for crustal strike-slip faults. Our findings suggest that either large earthquakes rarely propagate as self-healing pulses, with potential differences between tectonic settings, or their radiated energy is substantially underestimated, raising questions about earthquake physics and the expected shaking from large earthquakes.
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Abstract
Frictional motion between contacting bodies is governed by propagating rupture fronts that are essentially earthquakes. These fronts break the contacts composing the interface separating the bodies to enable their relative motion. The most general type of frictional motion takes place when the two bodies are not identical. Within these so-called bimaterial interfaces, the onset of frictional motion is often mediated by highly localized rupture fronts, called slip pulses. Here, we show how this unique rupture mode develops, evolves, and changes the character of the interface's behavior. Bimaterial slip pulses initiate as "subshear" cracks (slower than shear waves) that transition to developed slip pulses where normal stresses almost vanish at their leading edge. The observed slip pulses propagate solely within a narrow range of "transonic" velocities, bounded between the shear wave velocity of the softer material and a limiting velocity. We derive analytic solutions for both subshear cracks and the leading edge of slip pulses. These solutions both provide an excellent description of our experimental measurements and quantitatively explain slip pulses' limiting velocities. We furthermore find that frictional coupling between local normal stress variations and frictional resistance actually promotes the interface separation that is critical for slip-pulse localization. These results provide a full picture of slip-pulse formation and structure that is important for our fundamental understanding of both earthquake motion and the most general types of frictional processes.
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Thøgersen K, Sveinsson HA, Amundsen DS, Scheibert J, Renard F, Malthe-Sørenssen A. Minimal model for slow, sub-Rayleigh, supershear, and unsteady rupture propagation along homogeneously loaded frictional interfaces. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:043004. [PMID: 31771025 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In nature and experiments, a large variety of rupture speeds and front modes along frictional interfaces are observed. Here, we introduce a minimal model for the rupture of homogeneously loaded interfaces with velocity strengthening dynamic friction, containing only two dimensionless parameters; τ[over ¯], which governs the prestress, and α[over ¯], which is set by the interfacial viscosity. This model contains a large variety of front types, including slow fronts, sub-Rayleigh fronts, supershear fronts, slip pulses, cracks, arresting fronts, and fronts that alternate between arresting and propagating phases. Our results indicate that this wide range of front types is an inherent property of frictional systems with velocity strengthening branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Thøgersen
- Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Andersen Sveinsson
- Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Julien Scheibert
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, ENISE, ENTPE, CNRS, Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes LTDS, UMR 5513, F-69134, Ecully, France
| | - François Renard
- Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anders Malthe-Sørenssen
- Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Gombert B, Duputel Z, Shabani E, Rivera L, Jolivet R, Hollingsworth J. Impulsive Source of the 2017 M W=7.3 Ezgeleh, Iran, Earthquake. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 46:5207-5216. [PMID: 31598017 PMCID: PMC6774306 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
On 12 November 2017, a M W=7.3 earthquake struck near the Iranian town of Ezgeleh, at the Iran-Iraq border. This event was located within the Zagros fold and thrust belt which delimits the continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates. Despite a high seismic risk, the seismogenic behavior of the complex network of active faults is not well documented in this area due to the long recurrence interval of large earthquakes. In this study, we jointly invert interferometric synthetic aperture radar and near-field strong motions to infer a kinematic slip model of the rupture. The incorporation of these near-field observations enables a fine resolution of the kinematic rupture process. It reveals an impulsive seismic source with a strong southward rupture directivity, consistent with significant damage south of the epicenter. We also show that the slip direction does not match plate convergence, implying that some of the accumulated strain must be partitioned onto other faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Gombert
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR7516Université de Strasbourg, EOST/CNRSStrasbourgFrance
| | - Z. Duputel
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR7516Université de Strasbourg, EOST/CNRSStrasbourgFrance
| | - E. Shabani
- Department of Seismology, Institute of GeophysicsUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - L. Rivera
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR7516Université de Strasbourg, EOST/CNRSStrasbourgFrance
| | - R. Jolivet
- Laboratoire de géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale SupérieurePSL Research University, CNRS UMR 8538ParisFrance
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9
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UENISHI K. Rupture, waves and earthquakes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:28-49. [PMID: 28077808 PMCID: PMC5406623 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Normally, an earthquake is considered as a phenomenon of wave energy radiation by rupture (fracture) of solid Earth. However, the physics of dynamic process around seismic sources, which may play a crucial role in the occurrence of earthquakes and generation of strong waves, has not been fully understood yet. Instead, much of former investigation in seismology evaluated earthquake characteristics in terms of kinematics that does not directly treat such dynamic aspects and usually excludes the influence of high-frequency wave components over 1 Hz. There are countless valuable research outcomes obtained through this kinematics-based approach, but "extraordinary" phenomena that are difficult to be explained by this conventional description have been found, for instance, on the occasion of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu, Japan, earthquake, and more detailed study on rupture and wave dynamics, namely, possible mechanical characteristics of (1) rupture development around seismic sources, (2) earthquake-induced structural failures and (3) wave interaction that connects rupture (1) and failures (2), would be indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji UENISHI
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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The structure of slip-pulses and supershear ruptures driving slip in bimaterial friction. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11787. [PMID: 27278687 PMCID: PMC4906223 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most general frictional motion in nature involves bimaterial interfaces, when contacting bodies possess different elastic properties. Frictional motion occurs when the contacts composing the interface separating these bodies detach via propagating rupture fronts. Coupling between slip and normal stress variations is unique to bimaterial interfaces. Here we use high speed simultaneous measurements of slip velocities, real contact area and stresses to explicitly reveal this bimaterial coupling and its role in determining different classes of rupture modes and their structures. We directly observe slip-pulses, highly localized slip accompanied by large local reduction of the normal stress near the rupture tip. These pulses propagate in the direction of motion of the softer material at a selected (maximal) velocity and continuously evolve while propagating. In the opposite direction bimaterial coupling favors crack-like ‘supershear' fronts. The robustness of these structures shows the importance of bimaterial coupling to frictional motion and modes of frictional dissipation. Friction commonly involves different material types (bimaterials) at their sliding interface. Here, in laboratory experiments Shlomai and Fineberg reveal effects uniquely due to biomaterial coupling, with slip-pulses and crack-like supershear fronts dominating opposing propagation directions.
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11
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Gabriel AA, Ampuero JP, Dalguer LA, Mai PM. The transition of dynamic rupture styles in elastic media under velocity-weakening friction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jb009468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Garagash DI. Seismic and aseismic slip pulses driven by thermal pressurization of pore fluid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Noda H, Dunham EM, Rice JR. Earthquake ruptures with thermal weakening and the operation of major faults at low overall stress levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Yamashita T, Suzuki T. Quasi-static fault slip on an interface between poroelastic media with different hydraulic diffusivity: A generation mechanism of afterslip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Chapter 7 Scaling of Slip Weakening Distance with Final Slip during Dynamic Earthquake Rupture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-6142(08)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Ma S, Custódio S, Archuleta RJ, Liu P. Dynamic modeling of the 2004 Mw6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Pulse-like and crack-like ruptures in experiments mimicking crustal earthquakes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18931-6. [PMID: 18025479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704268104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical studies have shown that the issue of rupture modes has important implications for fault constitutive laws, stress conditions on faults, energy partition and heat generation during earthquakes, scaling laws, and spatiotemporal complexity of fault slip. Early theoretical models treated earthquakes as crack-like ruptures, but seismic inversions indicate that earthquake ruptures may propagate in a self-healing pulse-like mode. A number of explanations for the existence of slip pulses have been proposed and continue to be vigorously debated. This study presents experimental observations of spontaneous pulse-like ruptures in a homogeneous linear-elastic setting that mimics crustal earthquakes; reveals how different rupture modes are selected based on the level of fault prestress; demonstrates that both rupture modes can transition to supershear speeds; and advocates, based on comparison with theoretical studies, the importance of velocity-weakening friction for earthquake dynamics.
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20
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Han R, Shimamoto T, Hirose T, Ree JH, Ando JI. Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition. Science 2007; 316:878-81. [PMID: 17495168 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
High-velocity weakening of faults may drive fault motion during large earthquakes. Experiments on simulated faults in Carrara marble at slip rates up to 1.3 meters per second demonstrate that thermal decomposition of calcite due to frictional heating induces pronounced fault weakening with steady-state friction coefficients as low as 0.06. Decomposition produces particles of tens of nanometers in size, and the ultralow friction appears to be associated with the flash heating on an ultrafine decomposition product. Thus, thermal decomposition may be an important process for the dynamic weakening of faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raehee Han
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
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Rudnicki JW, Rice JR. Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Segall P, Rice JR. Does shear heating of pore fluid contribute to earthquake nucleation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lykotrafitis G, Rosakis A. Dynamic sliding of frictionally held bimaterial interfaces subjected to impact shear loading. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2006.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast frictional sliding along an incoherent interface of a bimaterial system composed of a Homalite and a steel plate is studied experimentally in a microsecond time-scale. The plates are held together by a static uniform compressive pre-stress while dynamic sliding is initiated by asymmetric impact. The full-field technique of dynamic photoelasticity is simultaneously used with a local technique of velocimetry based on laser interferometry. In the case where the impact loading is applied to the Homalite plate, a shear Mach line originates from a disturbance propagating along the interface supersonically with respect to the dilatational wave speed of Homalite and it crosses the P-wave front. The sliding starts well behind the P-wave front in Homalite and it propagates with a supershear speed with respect to Homalite. A fast interface wave and a wrinkle-like opening pulse (detachment wave) travelling along the interface are observed. When the impact loading is applied to the steel plate, the local sliding velocity measurement reveals that sliding initiates with the arrival of the P-wave front in the steel plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lykotrafitis
- Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A.J Rosakis
- Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91125, USA
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25
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Bizzarri A, Cocco M. A thermal pressurization model for the spontaneous dynamic rupture propagation on a three-dimensional fault: 1. Methodological approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bizzarri
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Sezione di Sismologia e Tettonofisica; Rome Italy
| | - M. Cocco
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Sezione di Sismologia e Tettonofisica; Rome Italy
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26
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Scholz CH. The strength of the San Andreas Fault: A critical analysis. EARTHQUAKES: RADIATED ENERGY AND THE PHYSICS OF FAULTING 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/170gm30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Xia K, Rosakis AJ, Kanamori H, Rice JR. Laboratory earthquakes along inhomogeneous faults: directionality and supershear. Science 2005; 308:681-4. [PMID: 15860624 DOI: 10.1126/science.1108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of spontaneously nucleated ruptures occurring on frictionally held bimaterial interfaces with small amounts of wave speed mismatch. Rupture is always found to be asymmetric bilateral. In one direction, rupture always propagates at the generalized Rayleigh wave speed, whereas in the opposite direction it is subshear or it transitions to supershear. The lack of a preferred rupture direction and the conditions leading to supershear are discussed in relation to existing theory and to the earthquake sequence in Parkfield, California, and in North Anatolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Xia
- Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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28
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Weertman J. Quasidislocation stoneley wave and Eshelby dislocation Scholte wave. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:205505. [PMID: 15600939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.205505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A quasidislocation (a dislocationlike entity described here for the first time) moves at the speed of a Stoneley surface wave that travels at the interface between two different elastic solids. An Eshelby glide edge dislocation moves at the speed of a Scholte surface wave that travels at the interface between a solid and an ideal liquid. The quasidislocation and the glide edge dislocation (that moves at the Eshelby velocity) are the Green's functions of their waves. Scholte waves are planar distributions of transonic moving glide edge dislocations. They are not Stoneley waves, although often called by that name, because Stoneley waves are planar distributions of subsonic moving quasidislocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weertman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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29
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Hardebeck JL, Michael AJ. Stress orientations at intermediate angles to the San Andreas Fault, California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Rubinstein SM, Cohen G, Fineberg J. Detachment fronts and the onset of dynamic friction. Nature 2004; 430:1005-9. [PMID: 15329715 DOI: 10.1038/nature02830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of friction have been studied for hundreds of years, yet many aspects of these everyday processes are not understood. One such aspect is the onset of frictional motion (slip). First described more than 200 years ago as the transition from static to dynamic friction, the onset of slip is central to fields as diverse as physics, tribology, mechanics of earthquakes and fracture. Here we show that the onset of frictional slip is governed by three different types of coherent crack-like fronts: these are observed by real-time visualization of the net contact area that forms the interface separating two blocks of like material. Two of these fronts, which propagate at subsonic and intersonic velocities, have been the subject of intensive recent interest. We show that a third type of front, which propagates an order of magnitude more slowly, is the dominant mechanism for the rupture of the interface. No overall motion (sliding) of the blocks occurs until either of the slower two fronts traverses the entire interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel M Rubinstein
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
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Xia K, Rosakis AJ, Kanamori H. Laboratory Earthquakes: The Sub-Rayleigh-to-Supershear Rupture Transition. Science 2004; 303:1859-61. [PMID: 15031503 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of spontaneously nucleated supershear rupture and on the visualization of sub-Rayleigh-to-supershear rupture transitions in frictionally held interfaces. The laboratory experiments mimic natural earthquakes. The results suggest that under certain conditions supershear rupture propagation can be facilitated during large earthquake events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Xia
- Seismological Laboratory, MC 252-21, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Le Pichon X, Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Sengör AMC. The North Anatolian fault in the Sea of Marmara. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Le Pichon
- UMR 8538, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure; Paris France
| | | | - C. Rangin
- UMR 8538, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure; Paris France
| | - A. M. C. Sengör
- Department of Geology; Istanbul Technical University; Istanbul Turkey
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Lüthi MP. Indication of active overthrust faulting along the Holocene-Wisconsin transition in the marginal zone of Jakobshavn Isbræ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Rubin AM. Aftershocks of microearthquakes as probes of the mechanics of rupture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan M. Rubin
- Department of Geosciences; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
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Samudrala O. Subsonic and intersonic shear rupture of weak planes with a velocity weakening cohesive zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brune JN, Thatcher W. 35 Strength and energetics of active fault zones. INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-6142(02)80238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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37
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Ben-Zion Y. Dynamic rupture on an interface between a compliant fault zone layer and a stiffer surrounding solid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Guatteri M, Spudich P, Beroza GC. Inferring rate and state friction parameters from a rupture model of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) Japan earthquake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hardebeck JL, Hauksson E. Crustal stress field in southern California and its implications for fault mechanics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lyakhovsky V, Ben-Zion Y, Agnon A. Earthquake cycle, fault zones, and seismicity patterns in a rheologically layered lithosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cochard A, Rice JR. Fault rupture between dissimilar materials: Ill-posedness, regularization, and slip-pulse response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rubin AM, Gillard D. Aftershock asymmetry/rupture directivity among central San Andreas fault microearthquakes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mair K, Marone C. Friction of simulated fault gouge for a wide range of velocities and normal stresses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maveyraud C, Benz W, Sornette A, Sornette D. Solid friction at high sliding velocities: An explicit three-dimensional dynamical smoothed particle hydrodynamics approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bodin P, Brown S, Matheson D. Laboratory observations of fault-normal vibrations during stick slip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Mora P, Place D. Numerical simulation of earthquake faults with gouge: Toward a comprehensive explanation for the heat flow paradox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Ben-Zion Y. Properties of seismic fault zone waves and their utility for imaging low-velocity structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fletcher JB, Spudich P. Rupture characteristics of the threeM∼ 4.7 (1992-1994) Parkfield earthquakes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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