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Wu J, Faccinetto A, Batut S, Cazaunau M, Pangui E, Nuns N, Hanoune B, Doussin JF, Desgroux P, Petitprez D. On the correlation between hygroscopic properties and chemical composition of cloud condensation nuclei obtained from the chemical aging of soot particles with O 3 and SO 2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167745. [PMID: 37827306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Soot particles released in the atmosphere have long been investigated for their ability to affect the radiative forcing. Although freshly emitted soot particles are generally considered to yield only positive contributions to the radiative forcing, atmospheric aging can activate them into efficient cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which can trigger the formation of persistent clouds and ultimately provide a negative contribution to the radiative forcing. Depending on their residence time in the atmosphere, soot particles can undergo several physical and chemical aging processes that affect their chemical composition, particle size distribution and morphology, and ultimately their optical and hygroscopic properties. The impact of the physical-chemical aging on the properties of soot particles is still difficult to quantify, as well as their effect on the radiative forcing of the atmosphere. This work investigates the hygroscopic properties of chemically aged soot particles obtained from the combustion of aviation fuel, and in particular the interplay between aging mechanisms initiated by two widespread atmospheric oxidizers (O3 and SO2). Activation is measured in water supersaturation conditions using a cloud condensation nuclei counter. Once particle morphology and size distribution are taken into account, the hygroscopicity parameter κ is derived using κ-Köhler theory and correlated to the change of the chemical composition of the particles aged in a simulation chamber. While fresh soot particles are poor cloud condensation nuclei (κ < 10-4) and are not significantly affected by either O3 or SO2 at the timescale of the experiments, rapid activation is observed when they are simultaneously exposed to both oxidizers. Activated particles become efficient cloud condensation nuclei, comparable to the highly hygroscopic particulate matter typically found in the atmosphere (κ = 0.2-0.6 at RH = 20 %). Statistical analysis reveals a correlation between the activation and sulfur-containing ions detected on the chemically aged particles that are absent from the fresh particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junteng Wu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alessandro Faccinetto
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Batut
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hanoune
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis Petitprez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Yermakov AN. Sulfite Oxidation Catalyzed by Manganese(II) Ions: Reaction Kinetics in Excess of Metal Ions. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158421050013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Liu T, Chan AWH, Abbatt JPD. Multiphase Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol Particles: Implications for Sulfate Formation in Polluted Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4227-4242. [PMID: 33760581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) forms sulfate-containing aerosol particles that impact air quality, climate, and human and ecosystem health. It is well-known that in-cloud oxidation of SO2 frequently dominates over gas-phase oxidation on regional and global scales. Multiphase oxidation involving aerosol particles, fog, and cloud droplets has been generally thought to scale with liquid water content (LWC) so multiphase oxidation would be negligible for aerosol particles due to their low aerosol LWC. However, recent field evidence, particularly from East Asia, shows that fast sulfate formation prevails in cloud-free environments that are characterized by high aerosol loadings. By assuming that the kinetics of cloud water chemistry prevails for aerosol particles, most atmospheric models do not capture this phenomenon. Therefore, the field of aerosol SO2 multiphase chemistry has blossomed in the past decade, with many oxidation processes proposed to bridge the difference between modeled and observed sulfate mass loadings. This review summarizes recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the aerosol multiphase oxidation of SO2, with a focus on environmental conditions that affect the oxidation rate, experimental challenges, mechanisms and kinetics results for individual reaction pathways, and future research directions. Compared to dilute cloud water conditions, this paper highlights the differences that arise at the molecular level with the extremely high solute strengths present in aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Liu Y, Wang T, Fang X, Deng Y, Cheng H, Bacha AUR, Nabi I, Zhang L. Brown carbon: An underlying driving force for rapid atmospheric sulfate formation and haze event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139415. [PMID: 32464390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid sulfate formation is a crucial factor determining the explosive growth of fine particles and the frequent occurrence of severe haze events in China. Recent field observations also show that brown carbon is one of the most critical components in aerosol particles sampled during haze episodes. To this day, there is limited knowledge that accesses the role of brown carbon in atmospheric chemistry. In fact, these carbonaceous particulate matters, mainly derived from forest fires, biomass burning, and biogenic release, can act as photosensitizers and produce varieties of active intermediates to alter oxidation capacity. Experimental results in this work provide evidence that hydroxyl radical (∙OH) stems from brown carbon proxies fulvic acid /humic acid (FA/HA) upon irradiation, leading to rapid SO2 oxidation on brown carbon particles in the atmosphere. Further correlation analyses for sulfate formation and chromophore properties of 12 model compounds demonstrate that brown carbon particles with higher aromaticity and E2/E3 (the ratio of absorbance at 254 nm to that at 365 nm) would facilitate ∙OH production and SO2 photo-oxidation. Uptake coefficient measurements and sulfate production rate estimation indicate that brown carbon could gain importance in atmospheric SO2 oxidation. A better understanding of SO2 uptake kinetics on brown carbon surfaces favors in defining new regulations to improve air quality and reduce the harmful effects of haze events on resident health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xiaozhong Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yue Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Aziz-Ur-Rahim Bacha
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Iqra Nabi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China..
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5
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Du C, Kong L, Zhanzakova A, Tong S, Yang X, Wang L, Fu H, Cheng T, Chen J, Zhang S. Impact of adsorbed nitrate on the heterogeneous conversion of SO 2 on α-Fe 2O 3 in the absence and presence of simulated solar irradiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1393-1402. [PMID: 30308908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adsorbed nitrate is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and it can undergo photolysis to produce oxidizing active radicals. Nitrate photolysis may be coupled with the oxidation conversions of atmospheric gaseous pollutants. However, the processes involved remain poorly understood. In this study, the impact of adsorbed nitrate on the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on α-Fe2O3 was investigated in the absence and presence of simulated solar irradiation by using in situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The results indicate that for α-Fe2O3 particles with no adsorbed nitrate, the formation of adsorbed sulfate on humid particles is stronger than that on dry particles. Meanwhile, light can also promote the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 and the formation of sulfate on dry particles because α-Fe2O3 is a typical photocatalyst. However, the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 on humid α-Fe2O3 particles is somewhat suppressed under light, suggesting the occurrence of photoinduced reductive dissolution. For the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 on α-Fe2O3 particles with adsorbed nitrate, the formation of sulfate on humid particles is still higher than that on dry particles. For the dry α-Fe2O3 particles with adsorbed nitrate, light promotes the formation of adsorbed sulfate. For the humid α-Fe2O3 particles with adsorbed nitrate, the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 under light is stronger than that under no light, indicating that the photolysis of adsorbed nitrate is coupled with the oxidation of SO2 and the formation of sulfate. The consumption of adsorbed nitrate and the formation of adsorbed N2O4 are observed during the introduction of SO2. A possible mechanism for the impact of adsorbed nitrate on the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 on α-Fe2O3 particles is proposed, and atmospheric implications based on these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtian Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Assiya Zhanzakova
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Songying Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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6
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Martínez-Cinco M, Santos-Guzmán J, Mejía-Velázquez G. Source apportionment of PM2.5 for supporting control strategies in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:631-642. [PMID: 26950193 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1159259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) in Northeast Mexico has shown high PM2.5 concentrations since 2003. The data shows that the annual average concentration exceeds from 2 to 3 times the Mexican PM2.5 annual air quality standard of 12 µg/m(3). In a previous work we studied the chemical characterization of PM2.5 in two sites of the MMA during the winter season. Among the most important components we found ammonium sulfate and nitrate, elemental and organic carbon, and crustal matter. In this work we present the results of a second chemical characterization study performed during the summer time and the application of the chemical mass balance (CMB) model to determine the source apportionment of air pollutants in the region. The chemical analysis results show that the chemical composition of PM2.5 is similar in both sites and periods of the year. The results of the chemical analysis and the CMB model show that industrial, traffic, and combustion activities in the area are the major sources of primary PM2.5 and precursor gases of secondary inorganic and organic aerosol (SO2, NOx, NH3, and volatile organic compounds [VOCs]). We also found that black carbon and organic carbon are important components of PM2.5 in the MMA. These results are consistent with the MMA emission inventory that reports as major sources of particles and SO2 a refinery and fuel combustion, as well as nitrogen oxides and ammonium from transportation and industrial activities in the MMA and ammonium form agricultural activities in the state. The results of this work are important to identify and support effective actions to reduce direct emissions of PM2.5 and its precursor gases to improve air quality in the MMA. IMPLICATIONS The Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) has been classified as the most air-polluted area in Mexico by the World Health Organization (WHO). Effective actions need to be taken to control primary sources of PM2.5 and its precursors, reducing health risks on the population exposed and their associated costs. The results of this study identify the main sources and their estimated contribution to PM2.5 mass concentration, providing valuable information to the local environmental authorities to take decisions on PM2.5 control strategies in the MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Martínez-Cinco
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Morelia , Michoacan , Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Mejía-Velázquez
- c Center of Sustainable Development Technologies , Tecnológico de Monterrey , Monterrey , México
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7
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Yang W, He H, Ma Q, Ma J, Liu Y, Liu P, Mu Y. Synergistic formation of sulfate and ammonium resulting from reaction between SO2 and NH3 on typical mineral dust. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:956-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06144j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synergistic effect between SO2 and NH3 on typical mineral dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
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8
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Zhao X, Kong L, Sun Z, Ding X, Cheng T, Yang X, Chen J. Interactions between Heterogeneous Uptake and Adsorption of Sulfur Dioxide and Acetaldehyde on Hematite. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4001-8. [PMID: 25849136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide and organic aldehydes in the atmosphere are ubiquitous and often correlated with mineral dust aerosols. Heterogeneous uptake and adsorption of one of these species on mineral aerosols can potentially change the properties of the particles and further affect the subsequent heterogeneous reactions of the other species on the coating particles. In this study, the interactions between heterogeneous uptake and adsorption of sulfur dioxide and acetaldehyde on hematite are investigated by using in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) at room temperature. It is found that the preadsorption of SO2 on α-Fe2O3 can significantly hinder the subsequent heterogeneous oxidation of CH3CHO to acetate, while the preadsorption of CH3CHO significantly suppresses the heterogeneous reaction of large amounts of SO2 on the surface of α-Fe2O3 and has a little influence on the uptake of small amount of SO2. The heterogeneous reactions of SO2 on α-Fe2O3 preadsorbed by CH3CHO change the existing acetate on the particle surface into chemisorbed acetic acid, for the enhancement of surface acidity after the uptake of SO2. During these processes, different surface hydroxyl groups showed different reactivities. Atmospheric implications of this study are discussed.
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9
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Ervens B. Modeling the processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4157-98. [PMID: 25898144 DOI: 10.1021/cr5005887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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10
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11
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Mineral dust and NOx promote the conversion of SO2 to sulfate in heavy pollution days. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4172. [PMID: 24566871 PMCID: PMC3933828 DOI: 10.1038/srep04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Haze in China has been increasing in frequency of occurrence as well as the area of the affected region. Here, we report on a new mechanism of haze formation, in which coexistence with NOx can reduce the environmental capacity for SO2, leading to rapid conversion of SO2 to sulfate because NO2 and SO2 have a synergistic effect when they react on the surface of mineral dust. Monitoring data from five severe haze episodes in January of 2013 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions agreed very well with the laboratory simulation. The combined air pollution of motor vehicle exhaust and coal-fired flue gases greatly reduced the atmospheric environmental capacity for SO2, and the formation of sulfate was found to be a main reason for the growth of fine particles, which led to the occurrence of haze. These results indicate that the impact of motor vehicle exhaust on the atmospheric environment might be underestimated.
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12
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Koizumi A, Niisoe T, Harada KH, Fujii Y, Adachi A, Hitomi T, Ishikawa H. (137)Cs trapped by biomass within 20 km of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9612-9618. [PMID: 23889208 DOI: 10.1021/es401422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of (137)Cs trapped in biomass in highly contaminated zones is crucial in predicting the long-term fate of (137)Cs following the explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. We surveyed forest 20-50 km from the plant in July and September 2011 to evaluate (137)Cs trapped in biomass within 20 km of the plant. We determined the ambient dose rate and collected forest soils and twigs at 150 sampling points. Removability from the canopy was evaluated by washing leaves and branches with water and organic solvents. The biomass of the forest canopy was then calculated. (137)Cs fallout was simulated with an atmospheric transport model. The modeled dose rate agreed with observations (n = 24) (r = 0.62; p < 0.01). Washing experiments demonstrated that unremovable portions accounted for 53.9 ± 6.4% of (137)Cs trapped by deciduous canopy (n = 4) and 59.3 ± 13.8% of (137)Cs trapped by evergreen canopy (n = 10). In total, it was estimated that 74.5 × 10(12) Bq was trapped by canopy in the forest within the no-go zone, with 44.2 × 10(12) Bq allocated to unremovable portions, and that 0.86% of the total release was trapped in biomass as of September 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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13
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Wu LY, Tong SR, Zhou L, Wang WG, Ge MF. Synergistic Effects between SO2 and HCOOH on α-Fe2O3. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3972-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400195f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural
Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R.
China
- Beijing National
Laboratory
for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural
Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Rui Tong
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural
Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R.
China
| | - Li Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural
Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R.
China
| | - Wei-Gang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural
Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R.
China
| | - Mao-Fa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural
Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R.
China
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14
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Niisoe T, Harada KH, Hitomi T, Watanabe T, Hung NN, Ishikawa H, Wang Z, Koizumi A. Environmental ecological modeling of human blood lead levels in East Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2856-2862. [PMID: 21355531 DOI: 10.1021/es103666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental ecological modeling (EEM), which unifies models simulating transport of chemicals and exposure of humans to chemicals, was used to simulate long-term trends of female adult human blood lead levels (BLLs) and historical exposure to the atmospheric lead in four East Asian countries: Japan, Korea, China, and Vietnam. Anthropogenic lead emissions to the atmosphere in Vietnam were estimated from energy statistics to be 1931 t yr(-1). Calculated BLLs generally agreed with those observed in samples collected in these countries as the error factors were less than 2. The model results revealed that BLLs decreased significantly in Tokyo (by 58%) and Seoul (by 45%) in recent decades and confirmed the effects of efforts to reduce environmental lead in Japan and Korea. The model results also revealed that BLLs in Beijing did not decrease in this decade as much as in Tokyo and Seoul, despite the phasing out of leaded gasoline, and that the contribution from the atmospheric component was increasing (43% in 2009). Finally, we applied EEM to simulate BLLs of children in Hanoi. The probability of children having BLLs greater than 50 μg L(-1) was 7.5%, which was greater than those observed in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamon Niisoe
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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15
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Niisoe T, Harada KH, Ishikawa H, Koizumi A. Long-term simulation of human exposure to atmospheric perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanoate (PFO) in the Osaka urban area, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7852-7857. [PMID: 20860376 DOI: 10.1021/es101948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A publicly available atmospheric transport model, the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry Model ( http://ruc.noaa.gov/wrf/WG11/ ), was used to simulate atmospheric perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanoate (PFO) emitted from a point source in the Osaka urban area (also known as Keihanshin), Japan. The time period of the simulation was from 1983 to 2008. The modeled air concentrations were highly correlated (r = 0.91) with the observed air concentrations. Intake levels by inhalation of simulated air concentrations and through the gastrointestinal tract as estimated by the food duplicate method were input to a pharmacokinetic model of the human body to simulate serum concentrations of PFOA and PFO (PFO(A)). For validation of the atmospheric model, simulated values were compared with those observed in serum samples. The simulated values generally agreed with those observed in serum samples from residents of the Keihanshin area (r = 0.93). It was confirmed that the atmospheric model was generally capable of projecting features of atmospheric PFO(A) as well as serum concentrations of PFO(A) in this case. The results indicated a dominant contribution of the atmospheric component to serum PFO(A) in humans near the point source in the Keihanshin area. In 2008, that contribution was about 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamon Niisoe
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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16
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Alexander B, Park RJ, Jacob DJ, Gong S. Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of atmospheric sulfur: Global implications for the sulfur budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Huang Y, Chameides WL, Dickinson RE. Direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosols on regional precipitation over east Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Ginoux P, Horowitz LW, Ramaswamy V, Geogdzhayev IV, Holben BN, Stenchikov G, Tie X. Evaluation of aerosol distribution and optical depth in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled model CM2.1 for present climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Huang Y, Dickinson RE, Chameides WL. Impact of aerosol indirect effect on surface temperature over East Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4371-6. [PMID: 16537432 PMCID: PMC1450178 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504428103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A regional coupled climate-chemistry-aerosol model is developed to examine the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on surface temperature and precipitation over East Asia. Besides their direct and indirect reduction of short-wave solar radiation, the increased cloudiness and cloud liquid water generate a substantial downward positive long-wave surface forcing; consequently, nighttime temperature in winter increases by +0.7 degrees C, and the diurnal temperature range decreases by -0.7 degrees C averaged over the industrialized parts of China. Confidence in the simulated results is limited by uncertainties in model cloud physics. However, they are broadly consistent with the observed diurnal temperature range decrease as reported in China, suggesting that changes in downward long-wave radiation at the surface are important in understanding temperature changes from aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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20
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Liu X. Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Alexander B. Sulfate formation in sea-salt aerosols: Constraints from oxygen isotopes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Tulet P. ORILAM, a three-moment lognormal aerosol scheme for mesoscale atmospheric model: Online coupling into the Meso-NH-C model and validation on the Escompte campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Legrand M. Atmospheric year-round records of dicarboxylic acids and sulfate at three French sites located between 630 and 4360 m elevation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Laskin A, Gaspar DJ, Wang W, Hunt SW, Cowin JP, Colson SD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Response to Comments on "Reactions at Interfaces As a Source of Sulfate Formation in Sea-Salt Particles". Science 2004. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1092750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Daniel J. Gaspar
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Weihong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697–2025, USA
| | - Sherri W. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697–2025, USA
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25
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Sievering H. Aerosol non-sea-salt sulfate in the remote marine boundary layer under clear-sky and normal cloudiness conditions: Ocean-derived biogenic alkalinity enhances sea-salt sulfate production by ozone oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Berglen TF. A global model of the coupled sulfur/oxidant chemistry in the troposphere: The sulfur cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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28
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Laskin A, Gaspar DJ, Wang W, Hunt SW, Cowin JP, Colson SD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Reactions at interfaces as a source of sulfate formation in sea-salt particles. Science 2003; 301:340-4. [PMID: 12843398 DOI: 10.1126/science.1085374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the formation of sulfate particles in the troposphere is critical because of their health effects and their direct and indirect effects on radiative forcing, and hence on climate. Laboratory studies of the chemical and physical changes in sodium chloride, the major component of sea-salt particles, show that sodium hydroxide is generated upon reaction of deliquesced sodium chloride particles with gas-phase hydroxide. The increase in alkalinity will lead to an increase in the uptake and oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in sea-salt particles. This chemistry is missing from current models but is consistent with a number of previously unexplained field study observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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29
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Yu S. Moment-based simulation of microphysical properties of sulfate aerosols in the eastern United States: Model description, evaluation, and regional analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Iversen T, Seland Ø. A scheme for process‐tagged SO
4
and BC aerosols in NCAR CCM3: Validation and sensitivity to cloud processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trond Iversen
- Department of Geophysics University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Øyvind Seland
- Department of Geophysics University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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31
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Cosme E, Genthon C, Martinerie P, Boucher O, Pham M. The sulfur cycle at high-southern latitudes in the LMD-ZT General Circulation Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Cosme
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement; CNRS/OSUG; Saint-Martin-d'Hères France
| | - C. Genthon
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement; CNRS/OSUG; Saint-Martin-d'Hères France
| | - P. Martinerie
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement; CNRS/OSUG; Saint-Martin-d'Hères France
| | - O. Boucher
- Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique; Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - M. Pham
- Service d'Aronomie; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
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32
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Rotstayn LD, Lohmann U. Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global model with a physically based cloud scheme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon D. Rotstayn
- Division of Atmospheric Research; CSIRO; Aspendale Victoria Australia
| | - Ulrike Lohmann
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science; Dalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
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33
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Chameides WL, Luo C, Saylor R, Streets D, Huang Y, Bergin M, Giorgi F. Correlation between model-calculated anthropogenic aerosols and satellite-derived cloud optical depths: Indication of indirect effect? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. L. Chameides
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - C. Luo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - R. Saylor
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - D. Streets
- Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - Y. Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - M. Bergin
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - F. Giorgi
- Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics; Trieste Italy
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34
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SAKASHITA T, NAKAMURA Y, DOI M. Test of Wet Scavenging Parameterization Schemes by Simulation of Monthly Depositions of7Be using Normally Available Data on Environmental Monitoring and Local Meteorology. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/18811248.2002.9715173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Feingold G. Role of NO3in sulfate production in the wintertime northern latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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37
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Kirkevåg A. Global direct radiative forcing by process-parameterized aerosol optical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Tan Q. Budget and export of anthropogenic SOxfrom East Asia during continental outflow conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Giorgi F. Direct radiative forcing and regional climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols over East Asia: A regional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Adams PJ. Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Curtius J, Sierau B, Arnold F, de Reus M, Ström J, Scheeren HA, Lelieveld J. Measurement of aerosol sulfuric acid: 2. Pronounced layering in the free troposphere during the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Preunkert S, Legrand M, Wagenbach D. Sulfate trends in a Col du Dôme (French Alps) ice core: A record of anthropogenic sulfate levels in the European midtroposphere over the twentieth century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Jeuken A, Veefkind JP, Dentener F, Metzger S, Gonzalez CR. Simulation of the aerosol optical depth over Europe for August 1997 and a comparison with observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Tie X, Brasseur G, Emmons L, Horowitz L, Kinnison D. Effects of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants: A global model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Jones A, Roberts DL, Woodage MJ, Johnson CE. Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulphur cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Collins WD, Rasch PJ, Eaton BE, Khattatov BV, Lamarque JF, Zender CS. Simulating aerosols using a chemical transport model with assimilation of satellite aerosol retrievals: Methodology for INDOEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Chin M, Savoie DL, Huebert BJ, Bandy AR, Thornton DC, Bates TS, Quinn PK, Saltzman ES, De Bruyn WJ. Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: Comparison with field observations and regional budgets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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49
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Rasch PJ, Barth MC, Kiehl JT, Schwartz SE, Benkovitz CM. A description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Barth MC, Rasch PJ, Kiehl JT, Benkovitz CM, Schwartz SE. Sulfur chemistry in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: Description, evaluation, features, and sensitivity to aqueous chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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