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Miller BR, Weiss RF, Salameh PK, Tanhua T, Greally BR, Mühle J, Simmonds PG. Medusa: A Sample Preconcentration and GC/MS Detector System for in Situ Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, and Sulfur Compounds. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1536-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702084k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Miller
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ray F. Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Peter K. Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Toste Tanhua
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Brian R. Greally
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Peter G. Simmonds
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, Leibniz-Institut für
Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-241 05 Kiel, Germany, and School of Chemistry,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
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Cooke KM, Nickless G, Makepeace AP. Use of capillary gas chromatography with negative ion-chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of perfluorocarbon tracers in the atmosphere. Anal Chem 2001; 73:4295-300. [PMID: 11569822 DOI: 10.1021/ac001253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective technique for the quantitative measurement of atmospheric perfluorocarbon trace species at the sub part per quadrillion (10(-15)) levels is presented. The method utilizes advances in adsorbent enrichment techniques coupled with benchtop capillary gas chromatography and negative ion-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The development and enhancement of sampling technology for tracer experiments is described, and the results from background measurements and a preliminary field experiment are presented. The overall precision of the analytical method with respect to the preferred tracer for these atmospheric transport studies, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, was +/-1.7%. The background concentrations of perfluorodimethylcyclobutane, perfluoromethylcyclopentane, and perfluoromethylcyclohexane at a remote coastal location (Mace Head, Ireland, 53 degrees N, 10 degrees W) were found to be 2.5 (+/-0.4), 6.8 (+/-1.0), and 5.2 fL L(-1) (+/-1.3), respectively. Background concentrations within an urban conurbation (Bristol, U.K.) were slightly greater at 3.0 (+/-1.5), 8.1 (+/-1.8), and 6.3 fL L(-1) (+/-1.1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Cooke
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, UK
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Shinohara I, Suzuki H, Fujimoto M, Hoshino M. Rapid large-scale magnetic-field dissipation in a collisionless current sheet via coupling between Kelvin-Helmholtz and lower-hybrid drift instabilities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:095001. [PMID: 11531571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapid large-scale magnetic-field dissipation is observed in a full kinetic simulation of cross-field current instabilities in a current sheet even when the thickness of the current sheet is at ion scale. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability caused by the velocity shear between the current-carrying ions and the cold background ions excites the lower-hybrid drift instability at the edges of the undulated current sheet. We show that the nonlinear coupling between these two instabilities is responsible for the observed rapid dissipation. The simulation result presents a new route for magnetic-field dissipation in an ion-scale current sheet and demonstrates the general significance of nonlinear cross-scale coupling in collisionless plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Shinohara
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching 85748, Germany
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