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Abrahamsson K, Granfors A, Ahnoff M, Cuevas CA, Saiz-Lopez A. Organic bromine compounds produced in sea ice in Antarctic winter. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5291. [PMID: 30538229 PMCID: PMC6290016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During polar springtime, active bromine drives ozone, a greenhouse gas, to near-zero levels. Bromine production and emission in the polar regions have so far been assumed to require sunlight. Here, we report measurements of bromocarbons in sea ice, snow, and air during the Antarctic winter that reveal an unexpected new source of organic bromine to the atmosphere during periods of no sunlight. The results show that Antarctic winter sea ice provides 10 times more bromocarbons to the atmosphere than Southern Ocean waters, and substantially more than summer sea ice. The inclusion of these measurements in a global climate model indicates that the emitted bromocarbons will disperse throughout the troposphere in the southern hemisphere and through photochemical degradation to bromine atoms, contribute ~ 10% to the tropospheric reactive bromine budget. Combined together, our results suggest that winter sea ice could potentially be an important source of atmospheric bromine with implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate at a hemispheric scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Abrahamsson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergs gata 22B, SE-41319, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Granfors
- AstraZeneca, Product Technology and Development, SE-43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martin Ahnoff
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergs gata 22B, SE-41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Nadzir MSM, Ashfold MJ, Khan MF, Robinson AD, Bolas C, Latif MT, Wallis BM, Mead MI, Hamid HHA, Harris NRP, Ramly ZTA, Lai GT, Liew JN, Ahamad F, Uning R, Samah AA, Maulud KN, Suparta W, Zainudin SK, Wahab MIA, Sahani M, Müller M, Yeok FS, Rahman NA, Mujahid A, Morris KI, Sasso ND. Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone over Ushuaia and the Antarctic region: observations from in situ measurements, satellite data, and global models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2194-2210. [PMID: 29116536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic continent is known to be an unpopulated region due to its extreme weather and climate conditions. However, the air quality over this continent can be affected by long-lived anthropogenic pollutants from the mainland. The Argentinian region of Ushuaia is often the main source area of accumulated hazardous gases over the Antarctic Peninsula. The main objective of this study is to report the first in situ observations yet known of surface ozone (O3) over Ushuaia, the Drake Passage, and Coastal Antarctic Peninsula (CAP) on board the RV Australis during the Malaysian Antarctic Scientific Expedition Cruise 2016 (MASEC'16). Hourly O3 data was measured continuously for 23 days using an EcoTech O3 analyzer. To understand more about the distribution of surface O3 over the Antarctic, we present the spatial and temporal of surface O3 of long-term data (2009-2015) obtained online from the World Meteorology Organization of World Data Centre for greenhouse gases (WMO WDCGG). Furthermore, surface O3 satellite data from the free online NOAA-Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) database and online data assimilation from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)-Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) were used. The data from both online products are compared to document the data sets and to give an indication of its quality towards in situ data. Finally, we used past carbon monoxide (CO) data as a proxy of surface O3 formation over Ushuaia and the Antarctic region. Our key findings were that the surface O3 mixing ratio during MASEC'16 increased from a minimum of 5 ppb to ~ 10-13 ppb approaching the Drake Passage and the Coastal Antarctic Peninsula (CAP) region. The anthropogenic and biogenic O3 precursors from Ushuaia and the marine region influenced the mixing ratio of surface O3 over the Drake Passage and CAP region. The past data from WDCGG showed that the annual O3 cycle has a maximum during the winter of 30 to 35 ppb between June and August and a minimum during the summer (January to February) of 10 to 20 ppb. The surface O3 mixing ratio during the summer was controlled by photochemical processes in the presence of sunlight, leading to the depletion process. During the winter, the photochemical production of surface O3 was more dominant. The NOAA-AIRS and ECMWF-MACC analysis agreed well with the MASEC'16 data but twice were higher during the expedition period. Finally, the CO past data showed the surface O3 mixing ratio was influenced by the CO mixing ratio over both the Ushuaia and Antarctic regions. Peak surface O3 and CO hourly mixing ratios reached up to ~ 38 ppb (O3) and ~ 500 ppb (CO) over Ushuaia. High CO over Ushuaia led to the depletion process of surface O3 over the region. Monthly CO mixing ratio over Antarctic (South Pole) were low, leading to the production of surface O3 over the Antarctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Matthew J Ashfold
- School of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrew D Robinson
- Centre of Atmospheric Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Conor Bolas
- Centre of Atmospheric Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin M Wallis
- School of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Iqbal Mead
- Centre for Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Haris Hafizal Abdul Hamid
- School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Neil R P Harris
- Centre for Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Zamzam Tuah Ahmad Ramly
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Thian Lai
- School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ju Neng Liew
- School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ahamad
- School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Royston Uning
- School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azizan Abu Samah
- National Antarctic Research Centre, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Nizam Maulud
- Earth Observation Centre (EOC), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wayan Suparta
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change Level 5, Research Complex Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Khalijah Zainudin
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change Level 5, Research Complex Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram Abdul Wahab
- Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, School of Diagnostic Science and Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mazrura Sahani
- Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, School of Diagnostic Science and Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Moritz Müller
- Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus (SUTS), 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Foong Swee Yeok
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nasaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Sultan Mizan Antarctic Research Foundation, 902-4, Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aazani Mujahid
- Department of Aquatic Science Faculty of Resource Science & Technology University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kenobi Isima Morris
- School of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for Sustainable Innovation and Research Initiative (CESIRI), Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas Dal Sasso
- Ecotech Pty. Limited, 1492, Ferntree Gully Road, Knoxfield, VIC, 3180, Australia
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Yang B, Yang GP, Lu XL, Li L, He Z. Distributions and sources of volatile chlorocarbons and bromocarbons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:491-502. [PMID: 25840867 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Six volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOC), namely, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform, were studied in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea from April to May, 2009. The spatial variability of these VHOC was influenced by various factors, including anthropogenic inputs, biogenic production and complicated hydrographic features such as Changjiang Diluted Water, Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass, and Kuroshio Current. Diurnal study results showed that factors such as solar irradiation, biological activity, and tide affected the abundance of these VHOC. Correlation analyses revealed that bromodichloromethane was positively correlated with chlorophyll a in surface seawater. Principal component analysis suggested that chlorinated compounds like carbon tetrachloride originated from anthropogenic sources whereas brominated compounds such as bromodichloromethane originated from biogenic sources. Sources of other chlorinated and brominated compounds may not be governed by biological processes in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou 535099, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Xiao-Lan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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