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Swenson GR, Vargas F, Jones M, Zhu Y, Kaufmann M, Yee JH, Mlynczak M. Intra-Annual Variation of Eddy Diffusion (k zz ) in the MLT, From SABER and SCIAMACHY Atomic Oxygen Climatologies. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD035343. [PMID: 35865753 PMCID: PMC9286812 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomic oxygen (O) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) results from a balance between production via photo-dissociation in the lower thermosphere and chemical loss by recombination in the upper mesosphere. The transport of O downward from the lower thermosphere into the mesosphere is preferentially driven by the eddy diffusion process that results from dissipating gravity waves and instabilities. The motivation here is to probe the intra-annual variability of the eddy diffusion coefficient (k zz ) and eddy velocity in the MLT based on the climatology of the region, initially accomplished by Garcia and Solomon (1985, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD02p03850). In the current study, the intra-annual cycle was divided into 26 two-week periods for each of three zones: the northern hemisphere (NH), southern hemisphere (SH), and equatorial (EQ). Both 16 years of SABER (2002-2018) and 10 years of SCIAMACHY (2002-2012) O density measurements, along with NRLMSIS® 2.0 were used for calculation of atomic oxygen eddy diffusion velocities and fluxes. Our prominent findings include a dominant annual oscillation below 87 km in the NH and SH zones, with a factor of 3-4 variation between winter and summer at 83 km, and a dominant semiannual oscillation at all altitudes in the EQ zone. The measured global average k zz at 96 km lacks the intra-annual variability of upper atmosphere density data deduced by Qian et al. (2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013643). The very large seasonal (and hemispherical) variations in k zz and O densities are important to separate and isolate in satellite analysis and to incorporate in MLT models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Swenson
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | - F. Vargas
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | - M. Jones
- Space Science DivisionU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Y. Zhu
- National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - M. Kaufmann
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK‐7)Forschungzentrum Juelich GmbHJuelichGermany
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of WuppertalWuppertalGermany
| | - J. H. Yee
- Applied Physics LaboratoryThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
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The First Observation of Turbulence in Northwestern China by a Near-Space High-Resolution Balloon Sensor. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030677. [PMID: 31991900 PMCID: PMC7038335 DOI: 10.3390/s20030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on a new type of sensor mounted on a near-space balloon released in Hami, Xinjiang, the Thorpe method was used to analyze turbulence. The method was applied for the first time to northwest China (the mid-latitude region), and almost no radiosonde data above 40 km have been used to study turbulence hitherto. The feasibility of analyzing turbulence characteristics using radiosonde data based on the Beidou positioning system by the Thorpe method was thus verified. The distribution characteristics of turbulence scale, turbulence intensity, and turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate, and the turbulence diffusion coefficient, were analyzed and discussed. The relationship between turbulence fraction, turbulence intensity, and stratified instability was also investigated. The results show that over 35 km, the influence of instrument noise on turbulence detection is significantly enhanced, which lead to an overestimation of turbulence in that region. The turbulence fraction was defined to reflect the degree of turbulence internal mixing, which is closely related to atmospheric instability. It was found that when the turbulence fraction reached 60%–80%, the turbulence reached its strongest intensity, and when the turbulence fraction exceeded 80%, the turbulence could not be maintained and began to decay.
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Triplett CC, Li J, Collins RL, Lehmacher GA, Barjatya A, Fritts DC, Strelnikov B, Lübken FJ, Thurairajah B, Harvey VL, Hampton DL, Varney RH. Observations of Reduced Turbulence and Wave Activity in the Arctic Middle Atmosphere Following the January 2015 Sudden Stratospheric Warming. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:13259-13276. [PMID: 31187016 PMCID: PMC6557582 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of turbulence and waves were made as part of the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Turbulence Experiment (MTeX) on the night of 25-26 January 2015 at Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W). Rocket-borne ionization gauge measurements revealed turbulence in the 70- to 88-km altitude region with energy dissipation rates between 0.1 and 24 mW/kg with an average value of 2.6 mW/kg. The eddy diffusion coefficient varied between 0.3 and 134 m2/s with an average value of 10 m2/s. Turbulence was detected around mesospheric inversion layers (MILs) in both the topside and bottomside of the MILs. These low levels of turbulence were measured after a minor sudden stratospheric warming when the circulation continued to be disturbed by planetary waves and winds remained weak in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Ground-based lidar measurements characterized the ensemble of inertia-gravity waves and monochromatic gravity waves. The ensemble of inertia-gravity waves had a specific potential energy of 0.8 J/kg over the 40- to 50-km altitude region, one of the lowest values recorded at Chatanika. The turbulence measurements coincided with the overturning of a 2.5-hr monochromatic gravity wave in a depth of 3 km at 85 km. The energy dissipation rates were estimated to be 3 mW/kg for the ensemble of waves and 18 mW/kg for the monochromatic wave. The MTeX observations reveal low levels of turbulence associated with low levels of gravity wave activity. In the light of other Arctic observations and model studies, these observations suggest that there may be reduced turbulence during disturbed winters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Triplett
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jintai Li
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Richard L Collins
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Gerald A Lehmacher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Aroh Barjatya
- Physical Sciences Department, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Boris Strelnikov
- Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Rostock, Kühlungsborn, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Lübken
- Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Rostock, Kühlungsborn, Germany
| | - Brentha Thurairajah
- Center for Space Science and Engineering Research, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - V Lynn Harvey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Donald L Hampton
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Roger H Varney
- Center for Geospace Studies, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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Belova E, Kawnine M, Häggström I, Sergienko T, Kirkwood S, Tjulin A. Tristatic observation of polar mesosphere winter echoes with the EISCAT VHF radar on 8 January 2014: a case study. EARTH, PLANETS, AND SPACE : EPS 2018; 70:110. [PMID: 30996647 PMCID: PMC6435039 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-018-0878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polar mesosphere winter echoes (PMWE) were observed at 70 km over Tromsø, Norway, on 8 January 2014 using the tristatic configuration of the European incoherent scatter VHF radar. For the interval 11:00-13:00 UT where the strongest patch of PMWE of about 6-min duration was detected, the spectra of the received signal were analysed for the Tromsø site and altitude profiles of spectral parameters were derived. For the remote sites Kiruna and Sodankylä, the Doppler velocities and their vertical shear were determined by using the measured autocorrelation functions. Ducted gravity waves with periods of 5-10 min were found in the vertical wind velocity between 66 and 81 km altitudes. The duct might be formed around 70 and 77 km altitude where horizontal wind maxima were observed with the Kiruna receiver. However, we did not find any close relation between wind shear at 70 km altitude and PMWE at the same height: the wind shear was present for 2 h, but PMWE for only 6 min. Enhanced spectral width in the vertical Tromsø beam was observed for the PMWE patch. We discussed these experimental findings in relation to the winter echo generation mechanism. Our conclusion is that the presence of patchy negatively charged small-sized dust might explain the observations although a gravity wave breaking mechanism cannot be completely rejected.
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Fritts DC, Laughman B, Wang L, Lund TS, Collins RL. Gravity Wave Dynamics in a Mesospheric Inversion Layer: 1. Reflection, Trapping, and Instability Dynamics. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:626-648. [PMID: 29576994 PMCID: PMC5856071 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An anelastic numerical model is employed to explore the dynamics of gravity waves (GWs) encountering a mesosphere inversion layer (MIL) having a moderate static stability enhancement and a layer of weaker static stability above. Instabilities occur within the MIL when the GW amplitude approaches that required for GW breaking due to compression of the vertical wavelength accompanying the increasing static stability. Thus, MILs can cause large-amplitude GWs to yield instabilities and turbulence below the altitude where they would otherwise arise. Smaller-amplitude GWs encountering a MIL do not lead to instability and turbulence but do exhibit partial reflection and transmission, and the transmission is a smaller fraction of the incident GW when instabilities and turbulence arise within the MIL. Additionally, greater GW transmission occurs for weaker MILs and for GWs having larger vertical wavelengths relative to the MIL depth and for lower GW intrinsic frequencies. These results imply similar dynamics for inversions due to other sources, including the tropopause inversion layer, the high stability capping the polar summer mesopause, and lower frequency GWs or tides having sufficient amplitudes to yield significant variations in stability at large and small vertical scales. MILs also imply much stronger reflections and less coherent GW propagation in environments having significant fine structure in the stability and velocity fields than in environments that are smoothly varying.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas S. Lund
- Colorado Research Associates DivisionNorthWest Research AssociatesBoulderCOUSA
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Grygalashvyly M, Becker E, Sonnemann GR. Wave mixing effects on minor chemical constituents in the MLT region: Results from a global CTM driven by high-resolution dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gardner CS, Liu AZ. Wave-induced transport of atmospheric constituents and its effect on the mesospheric Na layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nicolls MJ, Varney RH, Vadas SL, Stamus PA, Heinselman CJ, Cosgrove RB, Kelley MC. Influence of an inertia-gravity wave on mesospheric dynamics: A case study with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xu J, Smith AK, Liu HL, Yuan W, Wu Q, Jiang G, Mlynczak MG, Russell JM. Estimation of the equivalent Rayleigh friction in mesosphere/lower thermosphere region from the migrating diurnal tides observed by TIMED. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Xu J, Smith AK, Liu HL, Yuan W, Wu Q, Jiang G, Mlynczak MG, Russell JM, Franke SJ. Seasonal and quasi-biennial variations in the migrating diurnal tide observed by Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Qian L, Solomon SC, Kane TJ. Seasonal variation of thermospheric density and composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Qian
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Stanley C. Solomon
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Timothy J. Kane
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
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Raizada S, Rapp M, Lübken FJ, Höffner J, Zecha M, Plane JMC. Effect of ice particles on the mesospheric potassium layer at Spitsbergen (78°N). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gardner CS. Seasonal variations of the Na and Fe layers at the South Pole and their implications for the chemistry and general circulation of the polar mesosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hecht JH. Maui Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (Maui MALT) observations of the evolution of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows formed near 86 km altitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hartogh P. On the spatiotemporal behavior of ozone within the upper mesosphere/mesopause region under nearly polar night conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fritts DC. Layering accompanying turbulence generation due to shear instability and gravity-wave breaking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Berger U. Icy particles in the summer mesopause region: Three-dimensional modeling of their environment and two-dimensional modeling of their transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lübken FJ. Neutral air turbulence and temperatures in the vicinity of polar mesosphere summer echoes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rapp M. Small-scale temperature variations in the vicinity of NLC: Experimental and model results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McNeil WJ, Dressler RA, Murad E. Impact of a major meteor storm on Earth's ionosphere: A modeling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Körner U, Sonnemann GR. Global three-dimensional modeling of the water vapor concentration of the mesosphere-mesopause region and implications with respect to the noctilucent cloud region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Akmaev RA. Simulation of large-scale dynamics in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere with the Doppler-spread parameterization of gravity waves: 1. Implementation and zonal mean climatologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Akmaev RA. Simulation of large-scale dynamics in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere with the Doppler-spread parameterization of gravity waves: 2. Eddy mixing and the diurnal tide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Meriwether JW, Gardner CS. A review of the mesosphere inversion layer phenomenon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A contemporary assessment of the mesospheric energy budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm123p0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Norton WA, Thuburn J. Sensitivity of mesospheric mean flow, planetary waves, and tides to strength of gravity wave drag. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gumbel J, Murtagh DP, Espy PJ, Witt G, Schmidlin FJ. Odd oxygen measurements during the Noctilucent Cloud 93 rocket campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gardner CS, Yang W. Measurements of the dynamical cooling rate associated with the vertical transport of heat by dissipating gravity waves in the mesopause region at the Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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