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A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics. Nature 2019; 574:399-403. [PMID: 31619794 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) can affect cloud properties and therefore Earth's radiative balance1-3. New particle formation (NPF) from condensable vapours in the free troposphere has been suggested to contribute to CCN, especially in remote, pristine atmospheric regions4, but direct evidence is sparse, and the magnitude of this contribution is uncertain5-7. Here we use in situ aircraft measurements of vertical profiles of aerosol size distributions to present a global-scale survey of NPF occurrence. We observe intense NPF at high altitudes in tropical convective regions over both Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Together with the results of chemical-transport models, our findings indicate that NPF persists at all longitudes as a global-scale band in the tropical upper troposphere, covering about 40 per cent of Earth's surface. Furthermore, we find that this NPF in the tropical upper troposphere is a globally important source of CCN in the lower troposphere, where CCN can affect cloud properties. Our findings suggest that the production of CCN as new particles descend towards the surface is not adequately captured in global models, which tend to underestimate both the magnitude of tropical upper tropospheric NPF and the subsequent growth of new particles to CCN sizes.
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Sanchez KJ, Chen CL, Russell LM, Betha R, Liu J, Price DJ, Massoli P, Ziemba LD, Crosbie EC, Moore RH, Müller M, Schiller SA, Wisthaler A, Lee AKY, Quinn PK, Bates TS, Porter J, Bell TG, Saltzman ES, Vaillancourt RD, Behrenfeld MJ. Substantial Seasonal Contribution of Observed Biogenic Sulfate Particles to Cloud Condensation Nuclei. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3235. [PMID: 29459666 PMCID: PMC5818515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic sources contribute to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the clean marine atmosphere, but few measurements exist to constrain climate model simulations of their importance. The chemical composition of individual atmospheric aerosol particles showed two types of sulfate-containing particles in clean marine air masses in addition to mass-based Estimated Salt particles. Both types of sulfate particles lack combustion tracers and correlate, for some conditions, to atmospheric or seawater dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations, which means their source was largely biogenic. The first type is identified as New Sulfate because their large sulfate mass fraction (63% sulfate) and association with entrainment conditions means they could have formed by nucleation in the free troposphere. The second type is Added Sulfate particles (38% sulfate), because they are preexisting particles onto which additional sulfate condensed. New Sulfate particles accounted for 31% (7 cm-3) and 33% (36 cm-3) CCN at 0.1% supersaturation in late-autumn and late-spring, respectively, whereas sea spray provided 55% (13 cm-3) in late-autumn but only 4% (4 cm-3) in late-spring. Our results show a clear seasonal difference in the marine CCN budget, which illustrates how important phytoplankton-produced DMS emissions are for CCN in the North Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sanchez
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Li Chen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lynn M Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Raghu Betha
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ewan C Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sven A Schiller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy S Bates
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Porter
- The Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Bell
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- The Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Saltzman
- The Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Mike J Behrenfeld
- The Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Timonen H, Wigder N, Jaffe D. Influence of background particulate matter (PM) on urban air quality in the Pacific Northwest. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 129:333-340. [PMID: 23978621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Elevated particulate matter concentrations due to Asian long-range transport (LRT) are frequently observed in the free troposphere (FT) above the Pacific Northwest, U.S. Transport of this aerosol from the FT to the boundary layer (BL) and its effect to local air quality remain poorly constrained. We used data collected at the Mount Bachelor observatory (MBO, 2.8 km a.s.l) and from ground stations in the Pacific Northwest to study transport of fine particulate matter (PM) from the FT to the BL. During Asian LRT episodes PM concentrations were clearly elevated above the corresponding monthly averages at MBO as well as at low elevation sites across Washington and Oregon. Also, a clear correlation between MBO and low elevation sites was observed, indicating that LRT episodes are seen in both the FT and BL. In addition, drum impactor measurements show that the chemical composition of PM at MBO was similar to that measured at the BL sites. Using a simple regression model, we estimate that during springtime, when the transport from Asia is most effective, the contribution of Asian sources to PM2.5 in clean background areas of the Pacific Northwest was on average 1.7 μg m(-3) (representing approximately 50-80% of PM). The influence of LRT PM was also seen in measurement stations situated in the urban and urban background areas. However, the fraction of LRT PM was less pronounced (36-50% of PM) due to larger local emissions in the urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Science and Technology Program, University of Washington-Bothell, Bothell, WA, USA; Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Moorthy KK, Sreekanth V, Prakash Chaubey J, Gogoi MM, Suresh Babu S, Kumar Kompalli S, Bagare SP, Bhatt BC, Gaur VK, Prabhu TP, Singh NS. Fine and ultrafine particles at a near–free tropospheric environment over the high-altitude station Hanle in the Trans-Himalaya: New particle formation and size distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mishchuk NA, Goncharuk VV. Generation and dynamics of aerosols over water surface. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x11020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Zubler EM, Folini D, Lohmann U, Lüthi D, Muhlbauer A, Pousse-Nottelmann S, Schär C, Wild M. Implementation and evaluation of aerosol and cloud microphysics in a regional climate model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang Y, McMurry PH, Yu F, Jacobson MZ. A comparative study of nucleation parameterizations: 1. Examination and evaluation of the formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Wang M, Penner JE, Liu X. Coupled IMPACT aerosol and NCAR CAM3 model: Evaluation of predicted aerosol number and size distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Rising air pollution levels in South Asia will have worldwide environmental consequences. Transport of pollutants from the densely populated regions of India, Pakistan, China, and Nepal to the Himalayas may lead to substantial radiative forcing in South Asia with potential effects on the monsoon circulation and, hence, on regional climate and hydrological cycles, as well as to dramatic impacts on glacier retreat. An improved description of particulate sources is needed to constrain the simulation of future regional climate changes. Here, the first evidence of very frequent new particle formation events occurring up to high altitudes is presented. A 16-month record of aerosol size distribution from the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (Nepal, 5,079 m above sea level), the highest atmospheric research station, is shown. Aerosol concentrations are driven by intense ultrafine particle events occurring on >35% of the days at the interface between clean tropospheric air and the more polluted air rising from the valleys. During a pilot study, we observed a significant increase of ion cluster concentrations with the onset of new particle formation events. The ion clusters rapidly grew to a 10-nm size within a few hours, confirming, thus, that in situ nucleation takes place up to high altitudes. The initiation of the new particle events coincides with the shift from free tropospheric downslope winds to thermal upslope winds from the valley in the morning hours. The new particle formation events represent a very significant additional source of particles possibly injected into the free troposphere by thermal winds.
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Nishita C, Osada K, Kido M, Matsunaga K, Iwasaka Y. Nucleation mode particles in upslope valley winds at Mount Norikura, Japan: Implications for the vertical extent of new particle formation events in the lower troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nishita C, Osada K, Matsunaga K, Iwasaka Y. Number-size distributions of free tropospheric aerosol particles at Mt. Norikura, Japan: Effects of precipitation and air mass transportation pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Nishita
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuo Osada
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Katsuji Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yasunobu Iwasaka
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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Petters MD, Snider JR, Stevens B, Vali G, Faloona I, Russell LM. Accumulation mode aerosol, pockets of open cells, and particle nucleation in the remote subtropical Pacific marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Liu X. Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Haggerstone AL. Improved model predictions of HO2with gas to particle mass transfer rates calculated using aerosol number size distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Zhou L. Mining airborne particulate size distribution data by positive matrix factorization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Andronache C. Precipitation removal of ultrafine aerosol particles from the atmospheric boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Vana M. Comparative study of nucleation mode aerosol particles and intermediate air ions formation events at three sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Andreae MO, Andreae TW, Meyerdierks D, Thiel C. Marine sulfur cycling and the atmospheric aerosol over the springtime North Atlantic. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:1321-1343. [PMID: 12852983 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the distribution of phytoplankton species and the associated dimethyl sulfur species, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) on a cruise into the spring bloom region of the northern North Atlantic (near 47 degrees N, 19 degrees W). The cruise was timed to characterize the relationship between plankton dynamics and sulfur species production during the spring plankton bloom period. At the same time, we measured the DMS concentrations in the atmospheric boundary layer and determined the abundance and composition of the atmospheric aerosol. The water column studies showed that the interplay of wind-driven mixing and stratification due to solar heating controlled the evolution of the plankton population, and consequently the abundance of particulate and dissolved DMSP and DMS. The sea-to-air transfer of DMS was modulated by strong variations in wind speed, and was found to be consistent with currently available transfer parameterizations. The atmospheric concentration of DMS was strongly dependent on the sea surface emission, the depth of the atmospheric boundary layer and the rate of photooxidation as inferred from UV irradiance. Sea-salt and anthropogenic sulfate were the most abundant components of the atmospheric aerosol. On two days, a strong dust episode was observed bringing mineral dust aerosol from the Sahara desert to our northerly study region. The background concentrations of marine biogenic sulfate aerosol were low, near 30-60 ppt. These values were consistent with the rate of sulfate production estimated from the abundance of DMS in the marine boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Andreae
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Otto Hahn Institute), P.O. Box 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
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Li J, Anderson JR, Buseck PR. TEM study of aerosol particles from clean and polluted marine boundary layers over the North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - James R. Anderson
- Environmental Fluid Dynamics Program Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geological Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
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Koponen IK, Virkkula A, Hillamo R, Kerminen V, Kulmala M. Number size distributions and concentrations of marine aerosols: Observations during a cruise between the English Channel and the coast of Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismo K. Koponen
- Department of Physical Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Aki Virkkula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Department of Physical Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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Twohy CH, Clement CF, Gandrud BW, Weinheimer AJ, Campos TL, Baumgardner D, Brune WH, Faloona I, Sachse GW, Vay SA, Tan D. Deep convection as a source of new particles in the midlatitude upper troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia H. Twohy
- College of Oceanography; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Darrel Baumgardner
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - Ian Faloona
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - David Tan
- Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
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22
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Pirjola L. A model prediction of the yield of cloud condensation nuclei from coastal nucleation events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Hämeri K. Evaluating measurements of new particle concentrations, source rates, and spatial scales during coastal nucleation events using condensation particle counters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Li Q. Transatlantic transport of pollution and its effects on surface ozone in Europe and North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Adams PJ. Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Chapter 18 Formation and cycling of aerosols in the global troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(02)80021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Abdul-Razzak H. A parameterization of aerosol activation 3. Sectional representation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Noppel M, Vehkamäki H, Kulmala M. An improved model for hydrate formation in sulfuric acid–water nucleation. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1423333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Weber RJ, Moore K, Kapustin V, Clarke A, Mauldin RL, Kosciuch E, Cantrell C, Eisele F, Anderson B, Thornhill L. Nucleation in the equatorial Pacific during PEM-Tropics B: Enhanced boundary layer H2SO4with no particle production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Díaz JP, Expósito FJ, Torres CJ, Herrera F, Prospero JM, Romero MC. Radiative properties of aerosols in Saharan dust outbreaks using ground-based and satellite data: Applications to radiative forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Liu X, Hegg DA, Stoelinga MT. Numerical simulation of new particle formation over the northwest Atlantic using the MM5 mesoscale model coupled with sulfur chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Maring H, Savoie DL, Izaguirre MA, McCormick C, Arimoto R, Prospero JM, Pilinis C. Aerosol physical and optical properties and their relationship to aerosol composition in the free troposphere at Izaña, Tenerife, Canary Islands, during July 1995. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The formation of new atmospheric particles with diameters of 3-10 nm has been observed at a variety of altitudes and locations. Such aerosol particles have the potential to grow into cloud condensation nuclei, thus affecting cloud formation as well as the global radiation budget. In some cases, the observed formation rates of new particles have been adequately explained by binary nucleation, involving water and sulphuric acid, but in certain locations--particularly those within the marine boundary layer and at continental sites--observed ambient nucleation rates exceed those predicted by the binary scheme. In these locations, ambient sulphuric acid (H2SO4) levels are typically lower than required for binary nucleation, but are sufficient for ternary nucleation (sulphuric acid-ammonia-water). Here we present results from an aerosol dynamics model with a ternary nucleation scheme which indicate that nucleation in the troposphere should be ubiquitous, and yield a reservoir of thermodynamically stable clusters 1-3 nm in size. We suggest that the growth of these clusters to a detectable size (> 3 nm particle diameter) is restricted by the availability of condensable vapour. Observations of atmospheric particle formation and growth from a continental and a coastal site support this hypothesis, indicating that a growth process including ternary nucleation is likely to be responsible for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.
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35
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Hegg DA, Jonsson H. Aerosol number-to-volume relationship and relative humidity in the eastern Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Baltensperger U. Seasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol size distributions (10 ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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McGovern FM, Raes F, Van Dingenen R, Maring H. Anthropogenic influences on the chemical and physical properties of aerosols in the Atlantic subtropical region during July 1994 and July 1995. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Van Dingenen R, Raes F, Putaud JP, Virkkula A, Mangoni M. Processes determining the relationship between aerosol number and non-sea-salt sulfate mass concentrations in the clean and perturbed marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Capaldo KP, Kasibhatla P, Pandis SN. Is aerosol production within the remote marine boundary layer sufficient to maintain observed concentrations? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Nyeki S, Li F, Weingartner E, Streit N, Colbeck I, Gäggeler HW, Baltensperger U. The background aerosol size distribution in the free troposphere: An analysis of the annual cycle at a high-alpine site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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