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Abstract
Marine microorganisms play crucial roles in Earth's element cycles through the production and consumption of organic matter. One of the elements whose fate is governed by microbial activities is sulfur, an essential constituent of biomass and a crucial player in climate processes. With sulfur already being well studied in the ocean in its inorganic forms, organic sulfur compounds are emerging as important chemical links between marine phytoplankton and bacteria. The high concentration of inorganic sulfur in seawater, which can readily be reduced by phytoplankton, provides a freely available source of sulfur for biomolecule synthesis. Mechanisms such as exudation and cell lysis release these phytoplankton-derived sulfur metabolites into seawater, from which they are rapidly assimilated by marine bacteria and archaea. Energy-limited bacteria use scavenged sulfur metabolites as substrates or for the synthesis of vitamins, cofactors, signalling compounds and antibiotics. In this Review, we examine the current knowledge of sulfur metabolites released into and taken up from the marine dissolved organic matter pool by microorganisms, and the ecological links facilitated by their diversity in structures, oxidation states and chemistry.
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Jokinen T, Sipilä M, Kontkanen J, Vakkari V, Tisler P, Duplissy EM, Junninen H, Kangasluoma J, Manninen HE, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Worsnop DR, Kirkby J, Virkkula A, Kerminen VM. Ion-induced sulfuric acid-ammonia nucleation drives particle formation in coastal Antarctica. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat9744. [PMID: 30498779 PMCID: PMC6261657 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat9744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Formation of new aerosol particles from trace gases is a major source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the global atmosphere, with potentially large effects on cloud optical properties and Earth's radiative balance. Controlled laboratory experiments have resolved, in detail, the different nucleation pathways likely responsible for atmospheric new particle formation, yet very little is known from field studies about the molecular steps and compounds involved in different regions of the atmosphere. The scarcity of primary particle sources makes secondary aerosol formation particularly important in the Antarctic atmosphere. Here, we report on the observation of ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and ammonia-a process experimentally investigated by the CERN CLOUD experiment-as a major source of secondary aerosol particles over coastal Antarctica. We further show that measured high sulfuric acid concentrations, exceeding 107 molecules cm-3, are sufficient to explain the observed new particle growth rates. Our findings show that ion-induced nucleation is the dominant particle formation mechanism, implying that galactic cosmic radiation plays a key role in new particle formation in the pristine Antarctic atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Jokinen
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Corresponding author.
| | - M. Sipilä
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Kontkanen
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - V. Vakkari
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P. Tisler
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - E.-M. Duplissy
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Junninen
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Environmental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - J. Kangasluoma
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. E. Manninen
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- CERN, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T. Petäjä
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Kulmala
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - D. R. Worsnop
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - J. Kirkby
- CERN, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A. Virkkula
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - V.-M. Kerminen
- INAR–Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Mardyukov A, Schreiner PR. Atmospherically Relevant Radicals Derived from the Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:475-483. [PMID: 29393624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The large number and amounts of volatile organosulfur compounds emitted to the atmosphere and the enormous variety of their reactions in various oxidation states make experimental measurements of even a small fraction of them a daunting task. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a product of biological processes involving marine phytoplankton, and it is estimated to account for approximately 60% of the total natural sulfur gases released to the atmosphere. Ocean-emitted DMS has been suggested to play a role in atmospheric aerosol formation and thereby cloud formation. The reaction of ·OH with DMS is known to proceed by two independent channels: abstraction and addition. The oxidation of DMS is believed to be initiated by the reaction with ·OH and NO3· radicals, which eventually leads to the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H). The reaction of DMS with NO3· appears to proceed exclusively by hydrogen abstraction. The oxidation of DMS consists of a complex sequence of reactions. Depending on the time of the day or altitude, it may take a variety of pathways. In general, however, the oxidation proceeds via chains of radical reactions. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been reported to be a major product of the addition channel. Dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2), SO2, CH3SO3H, and methanesulfinic acid (CH3S(O)OH) have been observed as products of further oxidation of DMSO. Understanding the details of DMS oxidation requires in-depth knowledge of the elementary steps of this seemingly simple transformation, which in turn requires a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. The methylthiyl (CH3S·), methylsulfinyl (CH3SO·), methylsulfonyl (CH3SO2·), and methylsulfonyloxyl (CH3SO3·) radicals have been postulated as intermediates in the oxidation of DMS. Therefore, studying the chemistry of sulfur-containing free radicals in the laboratory also is the basis for understanding the mechanism of DMS oxidation in the atmosphere. The application of matrix-isolation techniques in combination with quantum-mechanical calculations on the generation and structural elucidation of CH3SOx (x = 0-3) radicals is reviewed in the present Account. Experimental matrix IR and UV/vis data for all known species of this substance class are summarized together with data obtained using other spectroscopic techniques, including time-resolved spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and others. We also discuss the reactivity and experimental characterization of these species to illustrate their practical relevance and highlight spectroscopic techniques available for the elucidation of their geometric and electronic structures. The present Account summarizes recent results regarding the preparation, characterization, and reactivity of various radical species with the formula CH3SOx (x = 0-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mardyukov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Nishino N, Arquero KD, Dawson ML, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Infrared studies of the reaction of methanesulfonic acid with trimethylamine on surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:323-330. [PMID: 24304088 DOI: 10.1021/es403845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds generated from a variety of biological as well as anthropogenic sources are oxidized in air to form sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Both of these acids formed initially in the gas phase react with ammonia and amines in air to form and grow new particles, which is important for visibility, human health and climate. A competing sink is deposition on surfaces in the boundary layer. However, relatively little is known about reactions after they deposit on surfaces. We report here diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) studies of the reaction of MSA with trimethylamine (TMA) on a silicon powder at atmospheric pressure in synthetic air and at room temperature, either in the absence or in the presence of water vapor. In both cases, DRIFTS spectra of the product surface species are essentially the same as the transmission spectrum obtained for trimethylaminium methanesulfonate, indicating the formation of the salt on the surface with a lower limit to the reaction probability of γ > 10(-6). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first infrared study to demonstrate this chemistry from the heterogeneous reaction of MSA with an amine on a surface. This heterogeneous chemistry appears to be sufficiently fast that it could impact measurements of gas-phase amines through reactions with surface-adsorbed acids on sampling lines and inlets. It could also represent an additional sink for amines in the boundary layer, especially at night when the gas-phase reactions of amines with OH radical and ozone are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California, 92697-2025, United States
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Shon ZH, Kim KH. Photochemical oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds in an urban location based on short time monitoring data. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 63:1859-69. [PMID: 16325233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) in urban ambient air. The photochemical conversions of RSC (such as DMS, CS2, H2S, DMDS, and CH3SH) to a further oxidized form (e.g., SO2, MSA, and H2SO4) were assessed using a photochemical box model. For our model simulation of RSC oxidation, measurements were taken at an urban monitoring station in Seoul, Korea (37.6 degrees N, 127 degrees E) during three separate time periods (e.g., Sept. 17-18, Oct. 23, and Oct. 27-28, 2003). The results indicate that DMS and H2S were the dominant RSCs with concentrations of 370 +/- 140 and 110 +/- 60 pptv, respectively. The photochemical conversion of DMDS to SO2 was found to occur more efficiently than other RSCs. The overall results of our study suggest that photochemical conversion of RSCs accounted for less than 15% of the observed SO2 during the measurement period. The SO2 production from DMS oxidation (mainly by the reaction with OH) was found to be affected primarily by the abstraction channel due to high NOx levels during the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zang-Ho Shon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Dong-Eui University, 995 Eomgwangno, Busanjin-gu, Gayadong San 24, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea.
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Jee J, Tao FM. Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics for the Oxidations of Dimethyl Sulfide, Dimethyl Disulfide, and Methyl Mercaptan by the Nitrate Radical. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:7682-9. [PMID: 16774215 DOI: 10.1021/jp0566717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the initial oxidation routes of the three major reduced sulfur compounds (CH(3)SH, CH(3)SCH(3), and CH(3)SSCH(3)) by the nitrate radical using density functional and ab initio methods. Stationary points along each reaction pathway are examined using different levels of theory and basis sets to ensure the convergence of the results. Kinetics calculations follow on the determined reaction pathways to obtain the rate constants. This study shows that sulfur compounds exhibit a general trend of hydrogen abstraction following the formation of an initial sulfur-nitrate complex. The results are in agreement with experimental work on CH(3)SCH(3) and CH(3)SH, while refuting a proposal of several previous studies that oxygen addition is the dominant oxidation pathway in the case of CH(3)SSCH(3). The rate constants obtained from kinetics calculations are consistent with experimental findings and exhibit negative temperature dependence. Overall, this study confirms the importance of nitrate in the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 92834, USA
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Hara K, Iwasaka Y, Wada M, Ihara T, Shiba H, Osada K, Yamanouchi T. Aerosol constituents and their spatial distribution in the free troposphere of coastal Antarctic regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weber RJ, Lee S, Chen G, Wang B, Kapustin V, Moore K, Clarke AD, Mauldin L, Kosciuch E, Cantrell C, Eisele F, Thornton DC, Bandy AR, Sachse GW, Fuelberg HE. New particle formation in anthropogenic plumes advecting from Asia observed during TRACE-P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - S. Lee
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - G. Chen
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - B. Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - V. Kapustin
- Department of Oceanography; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - K. Moore
- Department of Oceanography; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - A. D. Clarke
- Department of Oceanography; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - L. Mauldin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Kosciuch
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Cantrell
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Eisele
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. C. Thornton
- Department of Chemistry; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - A. R. Bandy
- Department of Chemistry; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - G. W. Sachse
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - H. E. Fuelberg
- Department of Meteorology; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida USA
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Cosme E, Genthon C, Martinerie P, Boucher O, Pham M. The sulfur cycle at high-southern latitudes in the LMD-ZT General Circulation Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Cosme
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement; CNRS/OSUG; Saint-Martin-d'Hères France
| | - C. Genthon
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement; CNRS/OSUG; Saint-Martin-d'Hères France
| | - P. Martinerie
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement; CNRS/OSUG; Saint-Martin-d'Hères France
| | - O. Boucher
- Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique; Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - M. Pham
- Service d'Aronomie; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
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Berresheim H. Gas-aerosol relationships of H2SO4, MSA, and OH: Observations in the coastal marine boundary layer at Mace Head, Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jourdain B, Legrand M. Seasonal variations of atmospheric dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoxide, sulfur dioxide, methanesulfonate, and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols at Dumont d'Urville (coastal Antarctica) (December 1998 to July 1999). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zangmeister CD, Pemberton JE. Raman Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy of the Reaction of Sulfuric Acid with Sodium Chloride. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja001469x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Zangmeister
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Jeanne E. Pemberton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Pirjola L, O'Dowd CD, Brooks IM, Kulmala M. Can new particle formation occur in the clean marine boundary layer? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nilsson ED, Pirjola L, Kulmala M. The effect of atmospheric waves on aerosol nucleation and size distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Berresheim H, Huey JW, Thorn RP, Eisele FL, Tanner DJ, Jefferson A. Measurements of dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, and aerosol ions at Palmer Station, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jefferson A, Tanner DJ, Eisele FL, Davis DD, Chen G, Crawford J, Huey JW, Torres AL, Berresheim H. OH photochemistry and methane sulfonic acid formation in the coastal Antarctic boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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