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Zhang J, Gong X, Crosbie E, Diskin G, Froyd K, Hall S, Kupc A, Moore R, Peischl J, Rollins A, Schwarz J, Shook M, Thompson C, Ullmann K, Williamson C, Wisthaler A, Xu L, Ziemba L, Brock CA, Wang J. Stratospheric air intrusions promote global-scale new particle formation. Science 2024; 385:210-216. [PMID: 38991080 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation in the free troposphere is a major source of cloud condensation nuclei globally. The prevailing view is that in the free troposphere, new particles are formed predominantly in convective cloud outflows. We present another mechanism using global observations. We find that during stratospheric air intrusion events, the mixing of descending ozone-rich stratospheric air with more moist free tropospheric background results in elevated hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Such mixing is most prevalent near the tropopause where the sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratios are high. The combination of elevated SO2 and OH levels leads to enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations, promoting particle formation. Such new particle formation occurs frequently and over large geographic regions, representing an important particle source in the midlatitude free troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoshi Zhang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xianda Gong
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Karl Froyd
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Samuel Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Agnieszka Kupc
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Rollins
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joshua Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Thompson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christina Williamson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
- Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lu Xu
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Charles A Brock
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Toward Non-Invasive Measurement of Atmospheric Temperature Using Vibro-Rotational Raman Spectra of Diatomic Gases. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12244129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate precise determination of atmospheric temperature using vibro-rotational Raman (VRR) spectra of molecular nitrogen and oxygen in the range of 292–293 K. We used a continuous wave fiber laser operating at 10 W near 532 nm as an excitation source in conjunction with a multi-pass cell. First, we show that the approximation that nitrogen and oxygen molecules behave like rigid rotors leads to erroneous derivations of temperature values from VRR spectra. Then, we account for molecular non-rigidity and compare four different methods for the determination of air temperature. Each method requires no temperature calibration. The first method involves fitting the intensity of individual lines within the same branch to their respective transition energies. We also infer temperature by taking ratios of two isolated VRR lines; first from two lines of the same branch, and then one line from the S-branch and one from the O-branch. Finally, we take ratios of groups of lines. Comparing these methods, we found that a precision up to 0.1 K is possible. In the case of O2, a comparison between the different methods show that the inferred temperature was self-consistent to within 1 K. The temperature inferred from N2 differed by as much as 3 K depending on which VRR branch was used. Here we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Our methods can be extended to the development of instrumentation capable of non-invasive monitoring of gas temperature with broad potential applications, for example, in laboratory, ground-based, or airborne remote sensing.
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Impact of Sea Breeze Dynamics on Atmospheric Pollutants and Their Toxicity in Industrial and Urban Coastal Environments. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sea breeze (SB) phenomena may strongly influence air quality and lead to important effects on human health. In order to study the impact of SB dynamics on the properties and toxicity of aerosols, an atmospheric mobile unit was deployed during a field campaign performed in an urbanized and industrialized coastal area in Northern France. This unit combines aerosol samplers, two scanning lidars (Doppler and elastic) and an air-liquid interface (ALI, Vitrocell®) in vitro cell exposure device. Our study highlights that after the passage of an SB front, the top of the atmospheric boundary layer collapses as the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) develops, which leads to high aerosol extinction coefficient values (>0.4 km−1) and an increase of PM2.5 and NOx concentrations in the SB current. The number-size distribution of particles indicates a high proportion of fine particles (with diameter below 500 nm), while the volume-size distribution shows a major mode of coarse particles centered on 2–3 µm. Individual particle analyses performed by cryo-transmission scanning electron microscopy (cryo-TSEM)-EDX highlights that submicronic particles contained a high fraction of secondary compounds, which may result from nucleation and/or condensation of condensable species (vapors or gaseous species after photo-oxidation). Secondary aerosol (SA) formation can be enhanced in some areas, by the interaction between the SB flow and the upper continental air mass, particularly due to the effect of both turbulence and temperature/humidity gradients between these two contrasting air masses. Potential areas of SA formation are located near the ground, during the SB front passage and in the vicinity of the SB current top. During the sea breeze event, an increase in the oxidative stress and inflammation processes in exposed lung cells, compared to the unexposed cells, can also be seen. In some instances, short singularity periods are observed during SB, corresponding to a double flow structure. It consists of two adjacent SB currents that induce an important increase of the TIBL top, improving the pollutants dispersion. This is associated with a substantial decrease of aerosol mass concentrations.
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Abstract
We characterized new particle formation (NPF) events in the urban background of Amman during August 2016–July 2017. The monthly mean of submicron particle number concentration was 1.2 × 104–3.7 × 104 cm−3 (exhibited seasonal, weekly, and diurnal variation). Nucleation mode (10–15 nm) concentration was 0.7 × 103–1.1 × 103 cm−3 during daytime with a sharp peak (1.1 × 103–1.8 × 103 cm−3) around noon. We identified 110 NPF events (≈34% of all days) of which 55 showed a decreasing mode diameter after growth. The NPF event occurrence was higher in summer than in winter, and events were accompanied with air mass back trajectories crossing over the Eastern Mediterranean. The mean nucleation rate (J10) was 1.9 ± 1.1 cm−3 s−1 (monthly mean 1.6–2.7 cm−3 s−1) and the mean growth rate was 6.8 ± 3.1 nm/h (4.1–8.8 nm/h). The formation rate did not have a seasonal pattern, but the growth rate had a seasonal variation (maximum around August and minimum in winter). The mean condensable vapor source rate was 4.1 ± 2.2 × 105 molecules/cm3 s (2.6–6.9 × 105 molecules/cm3 s) with a seasonal pattern (maximum around August). The mean condensation sink was 8.9 ± 3.3 × 10−3 s−1 (6.4–14.8 × 10−3 s−1) with a seasonal pattern (minimum around June and maximum in winter).
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Sorribas M, Adame JA, Olmo FJ, Vilaplana JM, Gil-Ojeda M, Alados-Arboledas L. A long-term study of new particle formation in a coastal environment: meteorology, gas phase and solar radiation implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:723-737. [PMID: 25618818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) was investigated at a coastal background site in Southwest Spain over a four-year period using a Scanning Particle Mobility Sizer (SMPS). The goals of the study were to characterise the NPF and to investigate their relationship to meteorology, gas phase (O3, SO2, CO and NO2) and solar radiation (UVA, UVB and global). A methodology for identifying and classifying the NPF was implemented using the wind direction and modal concentrations as inputs. NPF events showed a frequency of 24% of the total days analysed. The mean duration was 9.2±4.2 h. Contrary to previous studies conducted in other locations, the NPF frequency reached its maximum during cold seasons for approximately 30% of the days. The lowest frequency took place in July with 10%, and the seasonal wind pattern was found to be the most important parameter influencing the NPF frequency. The mean formation rate was 2.2±1.7 cm(-3) s(-1), with a maximum in the spring and early autumn and a minimum during the summer and winter. The mean growth rate was 3.8±2.4 nm h(-1) with higher values occurring from spring to autumn. The mean and seasonal formation and growth rates are in agreement with previous observations from continental sites in the Northern Hemisphere. NPF classification of different classes was conducted to explore the effect of synoptic and regional-scale patterns on NPF and growth. The results show that under a breeze regime, the temperature indirectly affects NPF events. Higher temperatures increase the strength of the breeze recirculation, favouring gas accumulation and subsequent NPF appearance. Additionally, the role of high relative humidity in inhibiting the NPF was evinced during synoptic scenarios. The remaining meteorological variables (RH), trace gases (CO and NO), solar radiation, PM10 and condensation sink, showed a moderate or high connection with both formation and growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sorribas
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, 18006, Spain.
| | - J A Adame
- 'El Arenosillo' - Atmospheric Sounding Station, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Mazagón, Huelva, 21130, Spain
| | - F J Olmo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, 18006, Spain
| | - J M Vilaplana
- 'El Arenosillo' - Atmospheric Sounding Station, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Mazagón, Huelva, 21130, Spain
| | - M Gil-Ojeda
- 'El Arenosillo' - Atmospheric Sounding Station, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Mazagón, Huelva, 21130, Spain
| | - L Alados-Arboledas
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, 18006, Spain
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6
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Uhrner U, Zallinger M, von Löwis S, Vehkamäki H, Wehner B, Stratmann F, Wiedensohler A. Volatile nanoparticle formation and growth within a diluting diesel car exhaust. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:399-408. [PMID: 21516935 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.61.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major source of particle number emissions is road traffic. However, scientific knowledge concerning secondary particle formation and growth of ultrafine particles within vehicle exhaust plumes is still very limited. Volatile nanoparticle formation and subsequent growth conditions were analyzed here to gain a better understanding of "real-world" dilution conditions. Coupled computational fluid dynamics and aerosol microphysics models together with measured size distributions within the exhaust plume of a diesel car were used. The impact of soot particles on nucleation, acting as a condensational sink, and the possible role of low-volatile organic components in growth were assessed. A prescribed reduction of soot particle emissions by 2 orders of magnitude (to capture the effect of a diesel particle filter) resulted in concentrations of nucleation-mode particles within the exhaust plume that were approximately 1 order of magnitude larger. Simulations for simplified sulfuric acid-water vapor gas-oil containing nucleation-mode particles show that the largest particle growth is located in a recirculation zone in the wake of the car. Growth of particles within the vehicle exhaust plume up to detectable size depends crucially on the relationship between the mass rate of gaseous precursor emissions and rapid dilution. Chassis dynamometer measurements indicate that emissions of possible hydrocarbon precursors are significantly enhanced under high engine load conditions and high engine speed. On the basis of results obtained for a diesel passenger car, the contributions from light diesel vehicles to the observed abundance of measured nucleation-mode particles near busy roads might be attributable to the impact of two different time scales: (1) a short one within the plume, marked by sufficient precursor emissions and rapid dilution; and (2) a second and comparatively long time scale resulting from the mix of different precursor sources and the impact of atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Uhrner
- Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz, Austria.
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Thampi BV, Sunilkumar SV, Parameswaran K. Lidar studies of particulates in the UTLS region at a tropical station over the Indian subcontinent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Kulmala M, Riipinen I, Sipilä M, Manninen HE, Petäjä T, Junninen H, Maso MD, Mordas G, Mirme A, Vana M, Hirsikko A, Laakso L, Harrison RM, Hanson I, Leung C, Lehtinen KEJ, Kerminen VM. Toward Direct Measurement of Atmospheric Nucleation. Science 2007; 318:89-92. [PMID: 17761851 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol formation is known to occur almost all over the world, and the importance of these particles to climate and air quality has been recognized. Although almost all of the processes driving aerosol formation take place below a particle diameter of 3 nanometers, observations cover only larger particles. We introduce an instrumental setup to measure atmospheric concentrations of both neutral and charged nanometer-sized clusters. By applying the instruments in the field, we come to three important conclusions: (i) A pool of numerous neutral clusters in the sub-3 nanometer size range is continuously present; (ii) the processes initiating atmospheric aerosol formation start from particle sizes of approximately 1.5 nanometers; and (iii) neutral nucleation dominates over the ion-induced mechanism, at least in boreal forest conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Kulmala
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Charron A, Birmili W, Harrison RM. Factors influencing new particle formation at the rural site, Harwell, United Kingdom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Young LH, Benson DR, Montanaro WM, Lee SH, Pan LL, Rogers DC, Jensen J, Stith JL, Davis CA, Campos TL, Bowman KP, Cooper WA, Lait LR. Enhanced new particle formation observed in the northern midlatitude tropopause region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Young
- Department of Chemistry; Kent State University; Kent Ohio USA
| | - David R. Benson
- Department of Chemistry; Kent State University; Kent Ohio USA
| | | | - Shan-Hu Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Kent State University; Kent Ohio USA
| | - Laura L. Pan
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - David C. Rogers
- Research Aviation Facility; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Broomfield Colorado USA
| | - Jorgen Jensen
- Research Aviation Facility; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Broomfield Colorado USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Stith
- Research Aviation Facility; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Broomfield Colorado USA
| | - Christopher A. Davis
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Teresa L. Campos
- Research Aviation Facility; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Broomfield Colorado USA
| | - Kenneth P. Bowman
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - William A. Cooper
- Research Aviation Facility; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Broomfield Colorado USA
| | - Leslie R. Lait
- Goddard Space Flight Center; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Greenbelt Maryland USA
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11
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Gaydos TM. Modeling of in situ ultrafine atmospheric particle formation in the eastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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McNaughton CS. Spatial distribution and size evolution of particles in Asian outflow: Significance of primary and secondary aerosols during ACE-Asia and TRACE-P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Lee SH. New particle formation observed in the tropical/subtropical cirrus clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Buzorius G, Rannik Ü, Aalto P, dal Maso M, Nilsson ED, Lehtinen KEJ, Kulmala M. On particle formation prediction in continental boreal forest using micrometeorological parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Buzorius
- Atmospheric Science Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton New York USA
| | - Ü. Rannik
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - P. Aalto
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. dal Maso
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - E. D. Nilsson
- Department of Meteorology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. E. J. Lehtinen
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Kulmala
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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15
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Napari I, Kulmala M, Vehkamäki H. Ternary nucleation of inorganic acids, ammonia, and water. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1511722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M. Determination of nucleation and growth rates from observation of a SO2induced atmospheric nucleation event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Verheggen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry; York University; Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Mozurkewich
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry; York University; Toronto, Ontario Canada
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17
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Napari I, Noppel M, Vehkamäki H, Kulmala M. An improved model for ternary nucleation of sulfuric acid–ammonia–water. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1450557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Kulmala M. Aerosol formation during PARFORCE: Ternary nucleation of H2SO4, NH3, and H2O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Adams PJ. Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Chapter 18 Formation and cycling of aerosols in the global troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(02)80021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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22
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O'Dowd CD. Coastal new particle formation: Environmental conditions and aerosol physicochemical characteristics during nucleation bursts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Weber RJ, Moore K, Kapustin V, Clarke A, Mauldin RL, Kosciuch E, Cantrell C, Eisele F, Anderson B, Thornhill L. Nucleation in the equatorial Pacific during PEM-Tropics B: Enhanced boundary layer H2SO4with no particle production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Kerminen VM, Pirjola L, Kulmala M. How significantly does coagulational scavenging limit atmospheric particle production? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Weber RJ, Chen G, Davis DD, Mauldin RL, Tanner DJ, Eisele FL, Clarke AD, Thornton DC, Bandy AR. Measurements of enhanced H2SO4and 3-4 nm particles near a frontal cloud during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Pirjola L, O'Dowd CD, Brooks IM, Kulmala M. Can new particle formation occur in the clean marine boundary layer? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Coe H, Williams PI, McFiggans G, Gallagher MW, Beswick KM, Bower KN, Choularton TW. Behavior of ultrafine particles in continental and marine air masses at a rural site in the United Kingdom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Nilsson ED, Pirjola L, Kulmala M. The effect of atmospheric waves on aerosol nucleation and size distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Väkevä M, Hämeri K, Puhakka T, Nilsson ED, Hohti H, Mäkelä JM. Effects of meteorological processes on aerosol particle size distribution in an urban background area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The formation of new atmospheric particles with diameters of 3-10 nm has been observed at a variety of altitudes and locations. Such aerosol particles have the potential to grow into cloud condensation nuclei, thus affecting cloud formation as well as the global radiation budget. In some cases, the observed formation rates of new particles have been adequately explained by binary nucleation, involving water and sulphuric acid, but in certain locations--particularly those within the marine boundary layer and at continental sites--observed ambient nucleation rates exceed those predicted by the binary scheme. In these locations, ambient sulphuric acid (H2SO4) levels are typically lower than required for binary nucleation, but are sufficient for ternary nucleation (sulphuric acid-ammonia-water). Here we present results from an aerosol dynamics model with a ternary nucleation scheme which indicate that nucleation in the troposphere should be ubiquitous, and yield a reservoir of thermodynamically stable clusters 1-3 nm in size. We suggest that the growth of these clusters to a detectable size (> 3 nm particle diameter) is restricted by the availability of condensable vapour. Observations of atmospheric particle formation and growth from a continental and a coastal site support this hypothesis, indicating that a growth process including ternary nucleation is likely to be responsible for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.
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