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Environmental History of the Twentieth Century. An Introductory Didactic Course. CHEMISTRY-DIDACTICS-ECOLOGY-METROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/cdem-2019-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present manuscript presents the view point of the author for providing a course on environmental history for chemistry students and secondary school pupils. Special attention is paid on the societal developments in the twentieth century when the anthropogenic impacts on the environment have become especially deep and devastating. The course of lectures is focused on the environmental changes in each environmental phase (lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere) as well as in the society as a whole. The process of environmental changes is illustrated by various examples from each natural system in consideration and the anthropogenic factor for each one of them is defined and discussed. The presented material is an example for organization of an environmental history course of lecture which could be subject of additional information and conclusions related to the social attitude to the problem of environmental pollution and environmental risk assessment.
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Guo H, Ding AJ, Wang T, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Barletta B, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Saunders SM, Fu TM, Hung WT, Li YS. Source origins, modeled profiles, and apportionments of halogenated hydrocarbons in the greater Pearl River Delta region, southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Simulation of transport and composition changes during a blocking episode over the East Atlantic and North Europe. Ecol Modell 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Culbertson JA, Prins JM, Grimsrud EP, Rasmussen RA, Khalil MAK, Shearer MJ. Observed trends for CF3-containing compounds in background air at Cape Meares, Oregon, Point Barrow, Alaska, and Palmer Station, Antarctica. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 55:1109-1119. [PMID: 15050808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Revised: 07/28/2003] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of CF(3)-containing compounds in archived air samples collected at Cape Meares, Oregon, from 1978 to 1997, at Point Barrow, Alaska, from 1995 to 1998, and at Palmer Station, Antarctica, from 1991 to 1997, were determined by high resolution gas chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry. The CF(3)-containing compounds measured by this method and discussed here are: the perfluorinated compound, C(3)F(8) (FC 218); four perhalogenated compounds, CF(3)Cl (CFC 13), CF(3)CF(2)Cl (CFC 115), CF(3)CFCl(2) (CFC 114a), and CF(3)Br (Halon 1301); and three hydrofluorocompounds, CF(3)H (HFC 23), CF(3)CH(3) (HFC 143a), and CF(3)CH(2)F (HFC 134a). For four of these compounds, very few measurements have been previously reported. The atmospheric concentrations of all of the CF(3)-containing compounds continuously increased in time over the sample collection periods. From these data, the annual rates of emission into the atmosphere have been estimated. The emission rates fall into one of three distinct categories. The annual emission rates of C(3)F(8), CF(3)H, CF(3)CH(3), and CF(3)CH(2)F have continuously increased over the last two decades. That of CF(3)CFCl(2) has decreased continuously. Emission rates for CF(3)Cl, CF(3)CF(2)Cl, and CF(3)Br reached maximum levels in the late 1980s, and have been decreasing in the 1990s. The emission rates of C(3)F(8), CF(3)CH(3) and CF(3)CH(2)F were nearly zero 20 years ago but have increased rapidly during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Culbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Schwandner FM, Seward TM, Gize AP, Hall PA, Dietrich VJ. Diffuse emission of organic trace gases from the flank and crater of a quiescent active volcano (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian M. Schwandner
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography (IMP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Terry M. Seward
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography (IMP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Andrew P. Gize
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | | | - Volker J. Dietrich
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography (IMP), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
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Barnes DH, Wofsy SC, Fehlau BP, Gottlieb EW, Elkins JW, Dutton GS, Montzka SA. Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City–Washington, D. C., corridor, 1996–1998: 2. A study of the efficacy of the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory measures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana H. Barnes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven C. Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Brian P. Fehlau
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Elaine W. Gottlieb
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - James W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Geoffrey S. Dutton
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Stephen A. Montzka
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA
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Blake NJ. NMHCs and halocarbons in Asian continental outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) Field Campaign: Comparison With PEM-West B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Simpson IJ, Lopez JP, Johnston NAC, Swanson AL, Katzenstein AS, Meinardi S, Sive BC, Colman JJ, Atlas E, Flocke F, Vay SA, Avery MA, Rowland FS. Large-scale latitudinal and vertical distributions of NMHCs and selected halocarbons in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during the March-April 1999 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-Tropics B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tran R, Kennedy EM, Dlugogorski BZ. Gas-Phase Reaction of Halon 1211 (CBrClF2) with Methane. Ind Eng Chem Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ie000920q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tran
- Industrial Safety & Environment Protection Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Eric M. Kennedy
- Industrial Safety & Environment Protection Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- Industrial Safety & Environment Protection Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Schauffler SM, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Flocke F, Lueb RA, Lee-Taylor JM, Stroud V, Travnicek W. Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Analysis of brominated compounds in background air by gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fraser PJ, Oram DE, Reeves CE, Penkett SA, McCulloch A. Southern Hemispheric halon trends (1978-1998) and global halon emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Montzka SA, Butler JH, Elkins J, Thompson TM, Clarke AD, Lock LT. Present and future trends in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting halogens. Nature 1999. [DOI: 10.1038/19499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Doherty S, Nickless G, Bassford M, Pajot M, Simmonds P. Separation of hydrohalocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons using a cyclodextrin gas solid chromatography capillary column. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Engen MA, Wagner VA, Sears LJ, Grimsrud EP. Detection of CF3-containing compounds in background air by gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wamsley PR, Elkins JW, Fahey DW, Dutton GS, Volk CM, Myers RC, Montzka SA, Butler JH, Clarke AD, Fraser PJ, Steele LP, Lucarelli MP, Atlas EL, Schauffler SM, Blake DR, Rowland FS, Sturges WT, Lee JM, Penkett SA, Engel A, Stimpfle RM, Chan KR, Weisenstein DK, Ko MKW, Salawitch RJ. Distribution of halon-1211 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and the 1994 total bromine budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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