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Aloyan AE, Yermakov AN, Arutyunyan VO. Ice Particle Formation in the Lower Stratosphere. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793119010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tritscher I, Grooß JU, Spang R, Pitts MC, Poole LR, Müller R, Riese M. Lagrangian simulation of ice particles and resulting dehydration in the polar winter stratosphere. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:543-563. [PMID: 33414817 PMCID: PMC7787165 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-543-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and cold stratospheric aerosols drive heterogeneous chemistry and play a major role in polar ozone depletion. The Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulates the nucleation, growth, sedimentation, and evaporation of PSC particles along individual trajectories. Particles consisting of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), which contain a substantial fraction of the stratospheric nitric acid (HNO3), were the focus of previous modeling work and are known for their potential to denitrify the polar stratosphere. Here, we carried this idea forward and introduced the formation of ice PSCs and related dehydration into the sedimentation module of CLaMS. Both processes change the simulated chemical composition of the lower stratosphere. Due to the Lagrangian transport scheme, NAT and ice particles move freely in three-dimensional space. Heterogeneous NAT and ice nucleation on foreign nuclei as well as homogeneous ice nucleation and NAT nucleation on preexisting ice particles are now implemented into CLaMS and cover major PSC formation pathways. We show results from the Arctic winter 2009/2010 and from the Antarctic winter 2011 to demonstrate the performance of the model over two entire PSC seasons. For both hemispheres, we present CLaMS results in comparison to measurements from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). Observations and simulations are presented on season-long and vortex-wide scales as well as for single PSC events. The simulations reproduce well both the timing and the extent of PSC occurrence inside the entire vortex. Divided into specific PSC classes, CLaMS results show predominantly good agreement with CALIOP and MIPAS observations, even for specific days and single satellite orbits. CLaMS and CALIOP agree that NAT mixtures are the first type of PSC to be present in both winters. NAT PSC areal coverages over the entire season agree satisfactorily. However, cloud-free areas, next to or surrounded by PSCs in the CALIOP data, are often populated with NAT particles in the CLaMS simulations. Looking at the temporal and vortex-averaged evolution of HNO3, CLaMS shows an uptake of HNO3 from the gas into the particle phase which is too large and happens too early in the simulation of the Arctic winter. In turn, the permanent redistribution of HNO3 is smaller in the simulations than in the observations. The Antarctic model run shows too little denitrification at lower altitudes towards the end of the winter compared to the observations. The occurrence of synoptic-scale ice PSCs agrees satisfactorily between observations and simulations for both hemispheres and the simulated vertical redistribution of water vapor (H2O) is in very good agreement with MLS observations. In summary, a conclusive agreement between CLaMS simulations and a variety of independent measurements is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tritscher
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Grooß
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Reinhold Spang
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Lamont R. Poole
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia 23666, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Riese
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Reichardt J, Reichardt S, Hostetler CA, Lucker PL, McGee TJ, Twigg LW, Dörnbrack A, Schoeberl MR, Yang P. Mother-of-pearl cloud particle size and composition from aircraft-based photography of coloration and lidar measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:B140-B153. [PMID: 25967820 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.00b140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During a Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas (SAGE)-III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE)-II science flight on 4 February 2003, a mother-of-pearl cloud over Iceland was underflown by the NASA DC-8 and measured with the lidars onboard. In addition, color photos were taken during the approach. Aided by extensive modeling of cloud coloration, the main results of the analysis of this unique data set are: (1) the polar stratospheric cloud was mountain wave-induced and of type II; (2) the spectacular color display was caused by ice particles with sizes around 2 μm.
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Bogdan A, Molina MJ. Why does large relative humidity with respect to ice persist in cirrus ice clouds? J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:14123-30. [PMID: 19925002 DOI: 10.1021/jp9063609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to observations, a large relative humidity with respect to ice, RH(i) >> 100%, often persists outside and inside upper tropospheric cirrus ice clouds. The persistence of the large in-cloud RH(i) means that H(2)O is slowly deposited onto cloud ice crystals. This unusual physical situation is similar to one in which a released body would slowly fall owing to gravitation. Here we present a physical mechanism which can be responsible for the persistence of large in-cloud RH(i). We find that clear-sky RH(i) up to 176% can be built up prior to the formation of ice cirrus by the homogeneous freezing of aqueous droplets containing H(2)SO(4) and HNO(3). As the droplets are cooled, a phase separation, which occurs during freezing, leads to the formation of a residual solution coating around the ice crystals formed. The coating can serve as a shield, slowing the rate of ice growth by approximately 10(3) in comparison with uncoated ice, and this can be a reason for the persistence of the large in-cloud RH(i).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bogdan
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Bogdan A, Molina MJ. Aqueous Aerosol May Build Up an Elevated Upper Tropospheric Ice Supersaturation and Form Mixed-Phase Particles after Freezing. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2821-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9086656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bogdan
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, and Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0356
| | - M. J. Molina
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, and Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0356
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Bogdan A, Molina MJ, Tenhu H, Mayer E, Loerting T. Formation of mixed-phase particles during the freezing of polar stratospheric ice clouds. Nat Chem 2010; 2:197-201. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Höpfner M, Pitts MC, Poole LR. Comparison between CALIPSO and MIPAS observations of polar stratospheric clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mason NJ, Drage EA, Webb SM, Dawes A, McPheat R, Hayes G. The spectroscopy and chemical dynamics of microparticles explored using an ultrasonic trap. Faraday Discuss 2008; 137:367-76; discussion 403-24. [PMID: 18214114 DOI: 10.1039/b702726p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microsized particles play an important role in many diverse areas of science and technology, for example, surface reactions of micron-sized particles play a key role in astrochemistry, plasma reactors and atmospheric chemistry. To date much of our knowledge of such surface chemistry is derived from 'traditional' surface science-based research. However, the large surface area and morphology of surface material commonly used in such surface science techniques may not necessarily mimic that on the surface of micron/nano scale particles. Hence, a new generation of experiments in which the spectroscopy (e.g., albedo) and chemical reactivity of micron-sized particles can be studied directly must be developed. One, as yet underexploited, non-invasive technique is the use of ultrasonic levitation. In this article, we describe the operation of an 'ultrasonic trap' to store and study the physical and chemical properties of microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Mason
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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Benson CM, Drdla K, Nedoluha GE, Shettle EP, Hoppel KW, Bevilacqua RM. Microphysical modeling of southern polar dehydration during the 1998 winter and comparison with POAM III observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Massoli P, Maturilli M, Neuber R. Climatology of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds as measured by lidar in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen (79°N, 12°E). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Mann GW. Large nitric acid trihydrate particles and denitrification caused by mountain waves in the Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Adriani A. Climatology of polar stratospheric clouds based on lidar observations from 1993 to 2001 over McMurdo Station, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Luo BP. Extreme NAT supersaturations in mountain wave ice PSCs: A clue to NAT formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hitchman MH. Nonorographic generation of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds during December 1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Drdla K, Gandrud BW, Baumgardner D, Wilson JC, Bui TP, Hurst D, Schauffler SM, Jost H, Greenblatt JB, Webster CR. Evidence for the widespread presence of liquid-phase particles during the 1999-2000 Arctic winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - B. W. Gandrud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. Baumgardner
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - D. Hurst
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Sonoma California USA
| | - J. B. Greenblatt
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
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Reichardt J, Reichardt S, Hess M, McGee TJ. Correlations among the optical properties of cirrus-cloud particles: Microphysical interpretation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Reichardt
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology; University of Maryland Baltimore County; College Park Maryland USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, Laboratory for Atmospheres; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - S. Reichardt
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology; University of Maryland Baltimore County; College Park Maryland USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, Laboratory for Atmospheres; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - M. Hess
- Remote Sensing Technology Institute; Deutches Zentrum fü Luft- und Raumfahrt-German Aerospace Center; Oberpfaffenhofen Weßling Germany
| | - T. J. McGee
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, Laboratory for Atmospheres; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
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Santee ML, Tabazadeh A, Manney GL, Fromm MD, Bevilacqua RM, Waters JW, Jensen EJ. A Lagrangian approach to studying Arctic polar stratospheric clouds using UARS MLS HNO3and POAM II aerosol extinction measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Santee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - G. L. Manney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
- Department of Natural Resources Management; New Mexico Highlands University; Las Vegas New Mexico USA
| | - M. D. Fromm
- Computational Physics, Inc.; Fairfax Virginia USA
| | | | - J. W. Waters
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. J. Jensen
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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18
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Jiang JH. Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) MLS observation of mountain waves over the Andes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Nedoluha GE. POAM III measurements of dehydration in the Antarctic and comparisons with the Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Larsen N. Microphysical mesoscale simulations of polar stratospheric cloud formation constrained by in situ measurements of chemical and optical cloud properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Dörnbrack A. Evidence for inertia gravity waves forming polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Hertzog A. In situ observations of gravity waves and comparisons with numerical simulations during the SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Northway MJ. An analysis of large HNO3-containing particles sampled in the Arctic stratosphere during the winter of 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Tizek H, Knözinger E, Grothe H. X-ray diffraction studies on nitric acid dihydrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b206644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Wagner T. Continuous monitoring of the high and persistent chlorine activation during the Arctic winter 1999/2000 by the GOME instrument on ERS-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Carslaw KS. A vortex-scale simulation of the growth and sedimentation of large nitric acid hydrate particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Hu RM. Microphysical properties of wave polar stratospheric clouds retrieved from lidar measurements during SOLVE/THESEO 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Biele J, Tsias A, Luo BP, Carslaw KS, Neuber R, Beyerle G, Peter T. Nonequilibrium coexistence of solid and liquid particles in Arctic stratospheric clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Hood LL, Soukharev BE, Fromm M, McCormack JP. Origin of extreme ozone minima at middle to high northern latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tolbert
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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32
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Wagner T, Leue C, Pfeilsticker K, Platt U. Monitoring of the stratospheric chlorine activation by Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) OClO measurements in the austral and boreal winters 1995 through 1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Beyerle G, Deckelmann H, Neuber R, Rosen JM, Reimer E, Schoeberl MR. Occurrence of solid particles in the winter polar stratosphere above the nitric acid trihydrate coexistence temperature inferred from ground-based polarization lidar observations at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Dörnbrack A, Leutbecher M. Relevance of mountain waves for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia: A 20 year climatology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Dörnbrack A, Leutbecher M, Reichardt J, Behrendt A, Müller KP, Baumgarten G. Relevance of mountain wave cooling for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia: Mesoscale dynamics and observations for January 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Koehler BG. Desorption kinetics of model polar stratospheric cloud films measured using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Temperature-Programmed Desorption. INT J CHEM KINET 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Voigt C, Schreiner J, Kohlmann A, Zink P, Mauersberger K, Larsen N, Deshler T, Kröger C, Rosen J, Adriani A, Cairo F, Di Donfrancesco G, Viterbini M, Ovarlez J, Ovarlez H, David C, Dörnbrack A. Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in polar stratospheric clouds. Science 2000; 290:1756-8. [PMID: 11099412 DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5497.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of polar stratospheric clouds was performed on 25 January 2000 with instruments onboard a balloon gondola flown from Kiruna, Sweden. Cloud layers were repeatedly encountered at altitudes between 20 and 24 kilometers over a wide range of atmospheric temperatures (185 to 197 kelvin). Particle composition analysis showed that a large fraction of the cloud layers was composed of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles, containing water and nitric acid at a molar ratio of 3:1; this confirmed that these long-sought solid crystals exist well above ice formation temperatures. The presence of NAT particles enhances the potential for chlorine activation with subsequent ozone destruction in polar regions, particularly in early and late winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Voigt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Zondlo MA, Hudson PK, Prenni AJ, Tolbert MA. Chemistry and microphysics of polar stratospheric clouds and cirrus clouds. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2000; 51:473-99. [PMID: 11031290 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ice particles found within polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and upper tropospheric cirrus clouds can dramatically impact the chemistry and climate of the Earth's atmosphere. The formation of PSCs and the subsequent chemical reactions that occur on their surfaces are key components of the massive ozone hole observed each spring over Antarctica. Cirrus clouds also provide surfaces for heterogeneous reactions and significantly modify the Earth's climate by changing the visible and infrared radiation fluxes. Although the role of ice particles in climate and chemistry is well recognized, the exact mechanisms of cloud formation are still unknown, and thus it is difficult to predict how anthropogenic activities will change cloud abundances in the future. This article focuses on the nucleation, chemistry, and microphysical properties of ice particles composing PSCs and cirrus clouds. A general overview of the current state of research is presented along with some unresolved issues facing scientists in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zondlo
- Advanced Study Program and Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot T. Martin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall, Room 122, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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40
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Abstract
The unique properties of water in the supercooled (metastable) state are not fully understood. In particular, the effects of solutes and mechanical pressure on the kinetics of the liquid-to-solid phase transition of supercooled water and aqueous solutions to ice have remained unresolved. Here we show from experimental data that the homogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled aqueous solutions is independent of the nature of the solute, but depends only on the water activity of the solution--that is, the ratio between the water vapour pressures of the solution and of pure water under the same conditions. In addition, we show that the presence of solutes and the application of pressure have a very similar effect on ice nucleation. We present a thermodynamic theory for homogeneous ice nucleation, which expresses the nucleation rate coefficient as a function of water activity and pressure. Recent observations from clouds containing ice are in good agreement with our theory and our results should help to overcome one of the main weaknesses of numerical models of the atmosphere, the formulation of cloud processes.
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41
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Toon OB, Tabazadeh A, Browell EV, Jordan J. Analysis of lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds during January 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Tabazadeh A, Santee ML, Danilin MY, Pumphrey HC, Newman PA, Hamill PJ, Mergenthaler JL. Quantifying denitrification and its effect on ozone recovery. Science 2000; 288:1407-11. [PMID: 10827948 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5470.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite observations indicate that extensive denitrification without significant dehydration currently occurs only in the Antarctic during mid to late June. The fact that denitrification occurs in a relatively warm month in the Antarctic raises concern about the likelihood of its occurrence and associated effects on ozone recovery in a colder and possibly more humid future Arctic lower stratosphere. Polar stratospheric cloud lifetimes required for Arctic denitrification to occur in the future are presented and contrasted against the current Antarctic cloud lifetimes. Model calculations show that widespread severe denitrification could enhance future Arctic ozone loss by up to 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 183-701, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139-3794, USA. Departme
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Larsen N, Mikkelsen IS, Knudsen BM, Schreiner J, Voigt C, Mauersberger K, Rosen JM, Kjome NT. Comparison of chemical and optical in situ measurements of polar stratospheric cloud particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Temperatures acquired by the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) during shuttle mission STS-66 have provided measurements of stratospheric mountain waves from space. Large-amplitude, long-wavelength mountain waves at heights of 15 to 30 kilometers above the southern Andes Mountains were observed and characterized, with vigorous wave breaking inferred above 30 kilometers. Mountain waves also occurred throughout the stratosphere (15 to 45 kilometers) over a broad mountainous region of central Eurasia. The global distribution of mountain wave activity accords well with predictions from a mountain wave model. The findings demonstrate that satellites can provide the global data needed to improve mountain wave parameterizations and hence global climate and forecast models.
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Affiliation(s)
- SD Eckermann
- E. O. Hulburt Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7641.2, Washington, DC 20375, USA. Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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45
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Hitchman MH, Buker ML, Tripoli GJ. Influence of synoptic waves on column ozone during Arctic summer 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Wirth M, Tsias A, Dörnbrack A, Weiß V, Carslaw KS, Leutbecher M, Renger W, Volkert H, Peter T. Model-guided Lagrangian observation and simulation of mountain polar stratospheric clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Stefanutti L, MacKenzie AR, Balestri S, Khattatov V, Fiocco G, Kyrö E, Peter T. Airborne Polar Experiment-Polar Ozone, Leewaves, Chemistry, and Transport (APE-POLECAT): Rationale, road map and summary of measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Tsias A, Wirth M, Carslaw KS, Biele J, Mehrtens H, Reichardt J, Wedekind C, Weiß V, Renger W, Neuber R, von Zahn U, Stein B, Santacesaria V, Stefanutti L, Fierli F, Bacmeister J, Peter T. Aircraft lidar observations of an enhanced type Ia polar stratospheric clouds during APE-POLECAT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Geiger FM, Tridico AC, Hicks JM. Second Harmonic Generation Studies of Ozone Depletion Reactions on Ice Surfaces under Stratospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991559s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | | | - Janice M. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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50
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Waibel AE, Peter T, Carslaw KS, Oelhaf H, Wetzel G, Crutzen PJ, Poschl U, Tsias A, Reimer E, Fischer H. Arctic ozone loss due to denitrification. Science 1999; 283:2064-9. [PMID: 10092225 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5410.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Measurements from the winter of 1994-95 indicating removal of total reactive nitrogen from the Arctic stratosphere by particle sedimentation were used to constrain a microphysical model. The model suggests that denitrification is caused predominantly by nitric acid trihydrate particles in small number densities. The denitrification is shown to increase Arctic ozone loss substantially. Sensitivity studies indicate that the Arctic stratosphere is currently at a threshold of denitrification. This implies that future stratospheric cooling, induced by an increase in the anthropogenic carbon dioxide burden, is likely to enhance denitrification and to delay until late in the next century the return of Arctic stratospheric ozone to preindustrial values.
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Affiliation(s)
- AE Waibel
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, Post Office Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Post Office Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. FU Berlin, Institut fur Meteorologie, Carl-Heinr
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