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Bogris A, Nikas T, Simos C, Simos I, Lentas K, Melis ΝS, Fichtner A, Bowden D, Smolinski K, Mesaritakis C, Chochliouros I. Sensitive seismic sensors based on microwave frequency fiber interferometry in commercially deployed cables. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14000. [PMID: 35977995 PMCID: PMC9386022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of fiber infrastructures for environmental sensing is attracting global interest, as optical fibers emerge as low cost and easily accessible platforms exhibiting a large terrestrial deployment. Moreover, optical fiber networks offer the unique advantage of providing observations of submarine areas, where the sparse existence of permanent seismic instrumentation due to cost and difficulties in deployment limits the availability of high-resolution subsea information on natural hazards in both time and space. The use of optical techniques that leverage pre-existing fiber infrastructure can efficiently provide higher resolution coverage and pave the way for the identification of the detailed structure of the Earth especially on seismogenic submarine faults. The prevailing optical technique for use in earthquake detection and structural analysis is distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) which offers high spatial resolution and sensitivity, however is limited in range (< 100 km). In this work, we present a novel technique which relies on the dissemination of a stable microwave frequency along optical fibers in a closed loop configuration, thereby forming an interferometer that is sensitive to deformation. We call the proposed technique Microwave Frequency Fiber Interferometer (MFFI) and demonstrate its sensitivity to deformation induced by moderate-to-large earthquakes from either local or regional epicenters. MFFI signals are compared to signals recorded by accelerometers of the National Observatory of Athens, Institute of Geodynamics National Seismic Network and by a commercially available DAS interrogator operating in parallel at the same location. Remarkable agreement in dynamical behavior and strain rate estimation is achieved and demonstrated. Thus, MFFI emerges as a novel technique in the field of fiber seismometers offering critical advantages with respect to implementation cost, maximum range and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Bogris
- Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, Aghiou Spiridonos, 12243, Egaleo, Greece.
| | - Thomas Nikas
- Dept. of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Simos
- Electronics & Photonics Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, University of Thessaly, 35100, Lamia, Greece
| | - Iraklis Simos
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, Aghiou Spiridonos, 12243, Egaleo, Greece
| | | | - Νikolaos S Melis
- National Observatory of Athens, Institute of Geodynamics, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Daniel Bowden
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Charis Mesaritakis
- Dept. Information and Communication Systems Engineering, Engineering School, University of the Aegean, Palama 2, 83200, Samos, Greece
| | - Ioannis Chochliouros
- Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), 1, Pelika & Spartis, Maroussi, Athens, Greece
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Li D, Huang L, Zheng Y, Li Y, Wannamaker P, Moore J. Feasibility of source-free DAS logging for next-generation borehole imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11910. [PMID: 35831397 PMCID: PMC9279403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing and monitoring geologic formations around a borehole are crucial for energy and environmental applications. However, conventional wireline sonic logging usually cannot be used in high-temperature environments nor is the tool feasible for long-term monitoring. We introduce and evaluate the feasibility of a source-free distributed-acoustic-sensing (DAS) logging method based on borehole DAS ambient noise. Our new logging method provides a next-generation borehole imaging tool. The tool is source free because it uses ever-present ambient noises as sources and does not need a borehole sonic source that cannot be easily re-inserted into a borehole after well completion for time-lapse monitoring. The receivers of our source-free DAS logging tool are fiber optic cables cemented behind casing, enabling logging in harsh, high-temperature environments, and eliminating the receiver repeatability issue of conventional wireline sonic logging for time-lapse monitoring. We analyze a borehole DAS ambient noise dataset to obtain root-mean-squares (RMS) amplitudes and use these amplitudes to infer subsurface elastic properties. We find that the ambient noise RMS amplitudes correlate well with anomalies in conventional logging data. The source-free DAS logging tool can advance our ability to characterize and monitor subsurface geologic formations in an efficient and cost-effective manner, particularly in high-temperature environments such as geothermal reservoirs. Further validation of the source-free DAS logging method using other borehole DAS ambient noise data would enable the new logging tool for wider applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Li
- Geophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D452, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Lianjie Huang
- Geophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS D452, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Yingcai Zheng
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | | | - Philip Wannamaker
- Energy & Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, 423 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Joseph Moore
- Energy & Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, 423 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
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Liu X, Beroza GC, Yang L, Ellsworth WL. Ambient noise Love wave attenuation tomography for the LASSIE array across the Los Angeles basin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/22/eabe1030. [PMID: 34049887 PMCID: PMC8163076 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Los Angeles basin is located within the North America-Pacific plate boundary and contains multiple earthquake faults that threaten greater Los Angeles. Seismic attenuation tomography has the potential to provide important constraints on wave propagation in the basin and to provide supplementary information on structure in the form of the distribution of anelastic properties. On the basis of the amplitude information from seismic interferometry from the linear LASSIE array in the Los Angeles basin, we apply station-triplet attenuation tomography to obtain a 2D depth profile for the attenuation structure of the uppermost 0.6 km. The array crosses four Quaternary faults, three of which are blind. The attenuation tomography resolves strong attenuation (shear attenuation Qs ~ 20) for the fault zones and is consistent with sharp boundaries across them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gregory C Beroza
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Utilizing distributed acoustic sensing and ocean bottom fiber optic cables for submarine structural characterization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5613. [PMID: 33692381 PMCID: PMC7946901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The sparsity of permanent seismic instrumentation in marine environments often limits the availability of subsea information on geohazards, including active fault systems, in both time and space. One sensing resource that provides observational access to the seafloor environment are existing networks of ocean bottom fiber optic cables; these cables, coupled to modern distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) systems, can provide dense arrays of broadband seismic observations capable of recording both seismic events and the ambient noise wavefield. Here, we report a marine DAS application which demonstrates the strength and limitation of this new technique on submarine structural characterization. Based on ambient noise DAS records on a 20 km section of a fiber optic cable offshore of Moss Landing, CA, in Monterey Bay, we extract Scholte waves from DAS ambient noise records using interferometry techniques and invert the resulting multimodal dispersion curves to recover a high resolution 2D shear-wave velocity image of the near seafloor sediments. We show for the first time that the migration of coherently scattered Scholte waves observed on DAS records can provide an approach for resolving sharp lateral contrasts in subsurface properties, particularly shallow faults and depositional features near the seafloor. Our results provide improved constraints on shallow submarine features in Monterey Bay, including fault zones and paleo-channel deposits, thus highlighting one of many possible geophysical uses of the marine cable network.
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Falsaperla S, Cara F, Rovelli A, Neri M, Behncke B, Acocella V. Effects of the 1989 fracture system in the dynamics of the upper SE flank of Etna revealed by volcanic tremor data: The missing link? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gallovič F, Käser M, Burjánek J, Papaioannou C. Three-dimensional modeling of near-fault ground motions with nonplanar rupture models and topography: Case of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Custódio S, Page MT, Archuleta RJ. Constraining earthquake source inversions with GPS data: 2. A two-step approach to combine seismic and geodetic data sets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Custódio
- Institute for Crustal Studies; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Morgan T. Page
- U.S. Geological Survey; Pasadena California USA
- Department of Physics; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Ralph J. Archuleta
- Institute for Crustal Studies; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
- Department of Earth Science; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
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Fialko Y. Temperature fields generated by the elastodynamic propagation of shear cracks in the Earth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Fialko
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla California USA
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Cultrera G, Rovelli A, Mele G, Azzara R, Caserta A, Marra F. Azimuth-dependent amplification of weak and strong ground motions within a fault zone (Nocera Umbra, central Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuliana Mele
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Rome Italy
| | | | - Arrigo Caserta
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Rome Italy
| | - Fabrizio Marra
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Rome Italy
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Fialko Y, Sandwell D, Agnew D, Simons M, Shearer P, Minster B. Deformation on nearby faults induced by the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. Science 2002; 297:1858-62. [PMID: 12228714 DOI: 10.1126/science.1074671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations of surface deformation due to the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake reveal motion on several nearby faults of the eastern California shear zone. We document both vertical and horizontal displacements of several millimeters to several centimeters across kilometer-wide zones centered on pre-existing faults. Portions of some faults experienced retrograde (that is, opposite to their long-term geologic slip) motion during or shortly after the earthquake. The observed deformation likely represents elastic response of compliant fault zones to the permanent co-seismic stress changes. The induced fault displacements imply decreases in the effective shear modulus within the kilometer-wide fault zones, indicating that the latter are mechanically distinct from the ambient crustal rocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Fialko
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Li YG, Vernon FL. Characterization of the San Jacinto fault zone near Anza, California, by fault zone trapped waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cochard A, Rice JR. Fault rupture between dissimilar materials: Ill-posedness, regularization, and slip-pulse response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li YG, Vidale JE, Aki K, Xu F. Depth-dependent structure of the Landers fault zone from trapped waves generated by aftershocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li YG, Aki K, Vidale JE, Xu F. Shallow structure of the Landers Fault Zone from explosion-generated trapped waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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