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Rabeh I, Telahigue K, Hajji T, Kheriji S, Besbes A, Besbes R, El Cafsi M. Fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in the flesh of the thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) living in Tunisian geothermal water and seawater: A comparative study. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2022. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.1127202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of rearing conditions on the composition of different phospholipid (PLs) classes and triacylglycerols (TAG) of the thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus), a muscle originating from seawater and geothermal water. The major fatty acids in the examined lipid classes of the two fish groups were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n-9), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3). The analyses demonstrated that the fatty acid profiles of the PL classes in the seawater fish group were characterized by the predominance of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). By contrast, in geothermal fish, the distribution of PUFA series proportions differed between the phospholipid fractions. It was found PUFA n-3 was particularly abundant in PS and PI, while the n-6 series dominated the PC and PE PUFA group. Nonetheless, it was found that neutral lipid fatty acids were characterized by saturated fatty acids (SFA) followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the seawater fish and by PUFA in the geothermal fish. The results presented here give useful information on the role of lipid classes in the physiological adaptation of C. labrosus which can serve for the optiminzation of these aquaculture systems.
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Carminato A, Pascoli F, Trocino A, Locatello L, Maccatrozzo L, Palazzi R, Radaelli G, Ballarin C, Bortoletti M, Bertotto D. Productive Results, Oxidative Stress and Contaminant Markers in European Sea Bass: Conventional vs. Organic Feeding. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1226. [PMID: 32708457 PMCID: PMC7401601 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) subjected to two different diets (organic vs. conventional) were evaluated in terms of growing performances, oxidative stress, and contaminant markers. Growing performances were evaluated using biometric measures and condition factor (K), whereas insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I and IGF-II) levels were assessed trough Real-Time PCR analysis. For oxidative stress, immunohistochemical staining for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) was performed, whereas total glutathione (GSH) in blood serum was determined by an enzymatic method adapted. Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) were evaluated as contaminant markers trough immunohistochemical and histochemical approaches, respectively. The growing performances showed a positive trend in both groups but a greater productivity in conventional fed fish compared to the organic ones. A significant higher expression of MMCs was observed in organic vs. conventional diet fed fish. Fillet analysis showed a higher MUFA content and a lower PUFAs n-6 content in organically fed sea bass indicating that diets with a content in fatty acids closer to that of wild fish will definitely affect the fatty acid profile of the fish flesh. On the other hand, the diet composition did not seem to affect neither the oxidative stress parameters (GSH, 8-OHdG, HNE) nor the CYP1A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carminato
- Italian Health Authority and Research Organization for Animal Health and Food Safety, Viale dell’Università 14, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Italian Health Authority and Research Organization for Animal Health and Food Safety, Viale dell’Università 14, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Angela Trocino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Lisa Locatello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Lisa Maccatrozzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Renato Palazzi
- Veneto Agricoltura, Innovation and Development Section, Viale dell’Università 14, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Cristina Ballarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Martina Bortoletti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (M.B.); (D.B.)
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Hou Z, Faulk CK, Fuiman LA. Dynamics of diet-egg transfer of fatty acids in the teleost fish, red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190646. [PMID: 32536308 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs of marine organisms are increasingly being recognized as important components of marine food webs. The degree to which egg fatty acid profiles reflect maternal diet fatty acid profiles, and therefore the value of fatty acids in eggs as trophic biomarkers, depends on the species' reproductive strategy and the extent of modification of ingested fatty acids. We measured the dynamics of transfer of recently ingested fatty acids to spawned eggs in a batch-spawning teleost, red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Results of 21 diet-shift experiments, from which the fatty acid profiles of the diets and eggs were compared, showed that 15 of 27 fatty acids measured (one saturated, two monounsaturated and 12 polyunsaturated fatty acids) in eggs were correlated with their levels in the recent diet, and the rate of incorporation into eggs was proportional to the magnitude of the diet shift. Large shifts in diet might occur naturally during spawning migrations or when prey communities vary over time. Results of this study indicate that fatty acids in red drum eggs can be useful for studying adult diet and exploring trophic linkages in marine systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Hou
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Cynthia K Faulk
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Lee A Fuiman
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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Banavreh A, Soltani M, Kamali A, Yazdani-Sadati MA, Shamsaie M. Immuno-physiological and antioxidant responses of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) fed with different levels of olive pomace. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1419-1429. [PMID: 31073676 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, use of the natural plant derivatives as an immunostimulant in aquaculture is becoming more useful than antibiotics which are destructive to target animals, consumers, and the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary substitution of wheat flour at 2, 5, 7.5, and 10% of olive pomace (OP2, OP5, OP7.5, and OP10) in some immune-physiological and antioxidant variables of yearling Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) weighing 165 ± 6.8 g at 19.1 ± 1.52 °C for 56 days. Fifteen fish per tank were randomly accommodated in triplicates per treatment and the control group was also included. No significant difference was seen in hematological indices including red blood cells (RBS) and immunocompetent cell population sizes among the treated groups (P > 0.05). Also, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum remained unaffected in different treatments (P > 0.05). Total protein (TP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), catalase (CT), and lysozyme were affected by dietary OP levels (P < 0.05), and the highest value was observed at the OP5 diet, but no influence was seen in serum IgM by OP. These data show that application of olive pomace as a partial substitute of wheat flour in the diet of Siberian sturgeon is feasible with stimulatory and antioxidant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Banavreh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
- Freshwater Fish Group and Fish Health Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Abolghasem Kamali
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Yazdani-Sadati
- International Sturgeon Research Institute-Agricultural Research Education Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsaie
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Duerksen SW, Thiemann GW, Budge SM, Poulin M, Niemi A, Michel C. Large, omega-3 rich, pelagic diatoms under Arctic sea ice: sources and implications for food webs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114070. [PMID: 25473949 PMCID: PMC4256470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelagic primary production in Arctic seas has traditionally been viewed as biologically insignificant until after the ice breakup. There is growing evidence however, that under-ice blooms of pelagic phytoplankton may be a recurrent occurrence. During the springs of 2011 and 2012, we found substantial numbers (201-5713 cells m-3) of the large centric diatom (diameter >250 µm) Coscinodiscus centralis under the sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago near Resolute Bay, Nunavut. The highest numbers of these pelagic diatoms were observed in Barrow Strait. Spatial patterns of fatty acid profiles and stable isotopes indicated two source populations for C. centralis: a western origin with low light conditions and high nutrients, and a northern origin with lower nutrient levels and higher irradiances. Fatty acid analysis revealed that pelagic diatoms had significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean ± SD: 50.3 ± 8.9%) compared to ice-associated producers (30.6 ± 10.3%) in our study area. In particular, C. centralis had significantly greater proportions of the long chain omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), than ice algae (24.4 ± 5.1% versus 13.7 ± 5.1%, respectively). Thus, C. centralis represented a significantly higher quality food source for local herbivores than ice algae, although feeding experiments did not show clear evidence of copepod grazing on C. centralis. Our results suggest that C. centralis are able to initiate growth under pack ice in this area and provide further evidence that biological productivity in ice-covered seas may be substantially higher than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Duerksen
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Suzanne M. Budge
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Andrea Niemi
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Beckmann CL, Mitchell JG, Stone DAJ, Huveneers C. Inter-tissue differences in fatty acid incorporation as a result of dietary oil manipulation in Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni). Lipids 2014; 49:577-90. [PMID: 24719244 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid profile analysis is a tool for dietary investigation that may complement traditional stomach contents analysis. While recent studies have shown that the liver of sharks fed different diets have differing fatty acid profiles, the degree to which diet is reflected in shark blood serum and muscle tissue is still poorly understood. An 18-week controlled feeding experiment was undertaken using captive Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni). Sharks were fed exclusive diets of artificial pellets treated with fish or poultry oil and sampled every 6 weeks. The fatty acid profiles from liver, blood serum, and muscle were affected differently, with the period from which significant differences were observed varying by tissue and diet type. The total fatty acid profiles of fish oil and poultry oil fed sharks were significantly different from week 12 onwards in the liver and blood serum, but significant differences were only observed by week 18 in the muscle tissue of sharks fed different diets. The drivers of dissimilarity which aligned with dietary input were 14:0, 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3, 18:1n-9 and 22:6n-3 in the liver and blood serum. Dietary fatty acids accumulated more consistently in the liver than in the blood plasma or muscle, likely due to its role as the central organ for fat processing and storage. Blood serum and muscle fatty acid profiles were influenced by diet, but fluctuated over-time. The low level of correlation between diet and muscle FA profiles is likely a result of low levels of fat (<1%) in the muscle and the domination of structural, cell-membrane phospholipids in shark muscle tissues. Our findings describe inter-tissue differences in the incorporation of fatty acids from the diet to consumer, which should be taken into account when interpreting dietary patterns from fatty acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Beckmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia,
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Gonzales JM, Law SHW. Feed and feeding regime affect growth rate and gonadosomatic index of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2013; 10:532-40. [PMID: 23902461 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-week study was conducted to evaluate commercially available Artemia, Ziegler zebrafish diet, and Calamac diet fed in five different feeding regimes on the growth and reproductive development of 7-month-old zebrafish. Zebrafish were fed to satiation three times daily during the normal work week and twice daily during the weekend and holidays. Zebrafish in dietary groups CCC (Calamac three times daily) and CCA (Calamac twice daily, Artemia once daily) had a significantly (p<0.05) greater weight gain and specific growth rate as compared to all other dietary groups. Male zebrafish in dietary group 5 had significantly larger gonadosomatic index (GSI) values than all other groups, while female zebrafish in dietary group CCC had significantly larger GSI values than all other groups. No differences in the fatty acid content of female gonads were detected. Zebrafish fed solely Artemia had the greatest weight loss and lowest GSI values. Preliminary evidence of protein sparing in zebrafish is reported. Collectively, this study sheds more light into the effects of the use of commercially available feeds and feeding regime on the rearing of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gonzales
- 1 Charles River, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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Adrenocorticotrophic hormone-stimulated cortisol release by the head kidney inter-renal tissue from sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed with linseed oil and soyabean oil. Br J Nutr 2010; 105:238-47. [PMID: 20836902 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mode of action of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in regulating gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) head kidney (HK) cortisol production was studied through in vitro trials using a dynamic superfusion system. Fish were previously fed with different diets containing several inclusion levels of linseed oil (LO) or soyabean oil (SO) for 26 weeks. Five diets were tested; anchovy oil was the only lipid source for the control diet (fish oil, FO) and two different substitution levels (70 and 100 %) were tested using either LO or SO (70LO, 70SO, 100LO and 100SO). Fatty acid compositions of the HK reflected the dietary input, thus EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid and n-3 HUFA were significantly (P < 0·05) reduced in fish fed vegetable oils compared with fish fed the FO diet. Feeding 70 or 100 % LO increased significantly (P < 0·05) cortisol release in HK after stimulation with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), while feeding SO had no effect on this response. Cortisol stimulation factor (SF) was increased in fish fed the 70LO and 100LO diets compared with fish fed the control diet. Moreover, eicosanoid inhibition by incubating the HK tissue with indomethacin (INDO) as a cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) as a lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor, significantly reduced (P < 0·05) the cortisol release after ACTH stimulation in the 70LO and 100LO diets. Cortisol SF was reduced in the FO, 70LO and 100LO diets when incubating the HK with INDO or NDGA, while it was increased in the 70SO diet. The present results indicate that changing the fatty acid profile of gilthead sea bream HK by including LO and/or SO in the fish diet affected the in vitro cortisol release, and this effect is partly mediated by COX and/or LOX metabolites.
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Mourente G, Tocher DR. Tuna Nutrition and Feeds: Current Status and Future Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260902752207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kumar V, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Kumar S, Sharma P, Chettri JK, Sinha AK. Non-gelatinized starch influences the deposition of n-3 fatty acids in the muscle of a tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:659-68. [PMID: 19178607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the influence of gelatinized (G) to non-gelatinized (NG) starch ratio in the diet on fatty acids profiles and oxidative status in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Two hundred and thirty-four fingerlings (average weight: 2.53 g) were distributed in six treatment groups with each of three replicates. Six semi-purified diets either containing NG and/or G corn starch (42.43%) viz., T(1) (100% NG and 0% G starch), T(2) (80% NG and 20% G starch), T(3) (60% NG and 40% G starch), T(4) (40% NG and 60% G starch), T(5) (20% NG and 80% G starch) and T(6) (0% NG and 100% G starch) was fed to respective groups. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and malic enzyme activities decreased linearly with the increasing level of G starch, whereas reverse trend was found for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Total saturated fatty acids in muscle increased with the increasing level of G starch in the diet. Total n-3 fatty acids decreased linearly with the increasing level of G starch in the diet. Among the n-3 fatty acids, linolenic acids content was more in NG starch fed group. Similarly, eicosapentaenoic acid contents gradually decreased with increasing level of G starch content. The n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in G starch fed group. This suggests that dietary starch type may be manipulated for quality improvement of fish flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Department of Aquaculture System and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Koussoroplis AM, Lemarchand C, Bec A, Desvilettes C, Amblard C, Fournier C, Berny P, Bourdier G. From aquatic to terrestrial food webs: decrease of the docosahexaenoic acid/linoleic acid ratio. Lipids 2008; 43:461-6. [PMID: 18335265 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue of six carnivorous mammalian species (European otter Lutra lutra, American mink Mustela vison, European Mink Mustela lutreola, European polecat Mustela putorius, stone marten Martes foina and European wild cat Felis silvestris) was studied. These species forage to differing degrees in aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Fatty acid analysis revealed significant differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition between species. More specifically, our results underline a gradual significant decrease in the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/linoleic acid (LNA) ratio of carnivore species as their dependence on aquatic food webs decreases. In conclusion, the use of the DHA/LNA ratio in long-term studies is proposed as a potential proxy of changes in foraging behaviour of semi-aquatic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos-Manuel Koussoroplis
- Laboratoire LMGE, UMR CNRS 6023, Equipe Réseaux Trophiques Aquatiques, Université Blaise Pascal, 24, Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière, France.
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Mukhopadhyay T, Ghosh S. Lipid profile and fatty acid composition of two silurid fish eggs. J Oleo Sci 2007; 56:399-403. [PMID: 17898506 DOI: 10.5650/jos.56.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid content and the composition pattern of the lipid class including fatty acid composition in the eggs of two different Indian silurid cat fishes Ompok pabda and Wallagu attu have been examined. The lipid content of O. pabda and W. attu (on dry basis) are about 14.7% and 17.8% respectively. The major lipid classes are phospolipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG). The O. pabda egg lipid contains more PL while the W. attu egg lipid contains more TAG. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) constitutes the major phospholipid followed by phosphatidylinositol (PI). PI represents in about 31.7% and 21.3% of total PC in O. pabda and W. attu respectively while phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (about 28.0%) is significantly higher in the egg of W. attu than O. pabda (9.6%). Cholesterol content in egg of O. pabda is also higher (about 9.6%) than W. attu (4.1%). The lipids are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and they are mainly concentrated in the respective PL fractions. Among PUFAs the arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6 AA) is present at about 9.3% in both egg PL. Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3 EPA) is significantly lower in egg lipids of both W. attu (1.8%) and O. pabda (3.2%), whereas docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3 DHA) is predominantly higher (14.6% and 18.1% in W. attu and O. pabda respectively) in their PL fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
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MUKHOPADHYAY T, NANDI S, GHOSH S. Lipid Profile and Fatty Acid Composition in Eggs of Indian Featherback Fish Pholui (Notopterus notopterus Pallas) in Comparison with Body-Tissue Lipid. J Oleo Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.53.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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MUKHOPADHYAY T, GHOSH S. Lipid Profile and Fatty Acid Composition in Eggs of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). J Oleo Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.52.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Shields RJ, Bell JG, Luizi FS, Gara B, Bromage NR, Sargent JR. Natural copepods are superior to enriched artemia nauplii as feed for halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in terms of survival, pigmentation and retinal morphology: relation to dietary essential fatty acids. J Nutr 1999; 129:1186-94. [PMID: 10356085 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.6.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicate groups of halibut larvae were fed to d 71 post-first feeding (PFF) either the marine copepod, Eurytemora velox, or Artemia nauplii doubly enriched with the marine chromist or golden algae, Schizochytrium sp., (Algamac 2000) and a commercial oil emulsion (SuperSelco). The fatty acid compositions of eyes, brains and livers from larvae fed the two diets were measured, and indices of growth, eye migration and skin pigmentation were recorded along with histological examinations of eye and liver. The docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3); DHA]/eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3); EPA] ratios in Artemia nauplii enriched with the SuperSelco and Algamac 2000 were 0.4 and 1.0, respectively. The E. velox copepods were divided into two size ranges (125-250 and 250-400 microm) with the smaller size range containing the highest level of (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). The DHA/EPA ratios for the two size ranges of copepods were 2.0 and 0.9, respectively. The total lipids of eyes, brains and livers of larvae fed copepods had higher levels of DHA and lower levels of EPA than those of larvae fed enriched Artemia. The percentage of survival of the halibut larvae was significantly higher when copepods rather than enriched Artemia nauplii were fed, but larval specific growth rates did not differ. The indices of eye migration were high and not significantly different in larvae fed the two diets, but the percentage of larvae undergoing successful metamorphosis (complete eye migration and dorsal pigmentation) was higher in larvae fed copepods (40%) than in larvae fed enriched Artemia (4%). The rod/cone ratios in histological sections of the retina were 2.5 +/- 0.7 in larvae fed copepods and 1.3 +/- 0.6 in larvae fed enriched Artemia (P < 0.01). Histological examination of the livers and intestines of the larvae were consistent with better assimilation of lipid from copepods than lipid from Artemia nauplii up to 46 d post-first feeding. Thus, marine copepods are superior to enriched Artemia as food for halibut larvae in terms of survival, eye development and pigmentation, and this superiority can be related to the level of DHA in the feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Shields
- Sea Fish Aquaculture, Ardtoe, Argyll PH36 4LD, Scotland, U.K. and Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, U.K
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Abstract
The projected stagnation in the catch from global fisheries and the continuing expansion of aquaculture is considered against the background that fishmeal and fish oil are major feed stocks for farmed salmon and trout, and also for marine fish. The dietary requirement of these farmed fish for high-quality protein, rich in essential amino acids, can be met by sources other than fishmeal. However, the highly-polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) present in high concentrations in fish oil are essential dietary constituents for marine fish and highly-desirable dietary constituents for salmonids. Currently, there is no feasible alternative source to fish oil for these nutrients in fish feeds. Vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) can partially substitute for 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in salmonid and marine-fish feeds. However, this is nutritionally undesirable for human nutrition because the health-promoting effects of fish-derived 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 reflect a very high intake of 18:2n-6 relative to linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in Western diets. If partial replacement of fish oils in fish feeds with vegetable oils becomes necessary in future, it is argued that 18:3n-3-rich oils, such as linseed oil, are the oils of choice because they are much more acceptable from a human nutritional perspective, especially given the innate ability of freshwater fish, including salmonids, to convert dietary 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. In the meantime, a more judicious use of increasingly-expensive fish oil in aquaculture is recommended. High priorities in the future development of aquaculture are considered to be genetic improvement of farmed fish stocks with enhanced abilities to convert C18 to C20 and C22 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, enhanced development of primary production of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 by single-cell marine organisms, and continuing development of new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sargent
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, UK.
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17
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Kontara EK, Djunaidah IS, Coutteau P, Sorgeloos P. Comparison of native, lyso and hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine as phospholipid source in the diet of postlarval Penaeus japonicus bate. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1998; 51:1-19. [PMID: 9638301 DOI: 10.1080/17450399809381901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Native and two modified forms of soybean phosphatidylcholine were used to study the nutritional effect of their fatty acids for postlarval Penaeus japonicus. Five semipurified and isolipidic diets were formulated using casein as a protein source. Three diets contained 1.5% of different types of phosphatidylcholine (95% purity), i.e. native soybean phosphatidylcholine, hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine and 1-acyl lyso soybean phosphatidylcholine, besides 1% of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid formulated as triglycerides. Two negative control diets contained either triglycerides or ethyl esters as a source of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids without phospholipid. The experiment was conducted during two successive phases of 20 d starting from 12-d old postlarvae. Feeding the diet containing native soybean phosphatidylcholine resulted in significantly better growth and resistance to osmotic shock of P. japonicus postlarvae compared to the other diets. The total lipid content of the tissue was significantly increased by the supplementation of soybean phosphatidylcholine, whereas no significant difference was observed for the shrimp fed the modified phosphatidylcholine sources compared to the phosphatidylcholine-free diet at the end of the experiment. Shrimp fed the diet containing soybean phosphatidylcholine exhibited a higher polar lipid fraction in the whole body total lipid mainly as a result of the increased proportion of phosphatidylcholine and to a lesser extent of phosphatidylinositol at the expense of free fatty acids, free sterols and sterol esters. The content of 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3 and total n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the shrimp tissue were higher in shrimp fed the native soybean and hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine diets compared to those fed the phosphatidylcholine-free and 1-acyl lyso soybean phosphatidylcholine-based diets. The fatty acid profile of tissue phosphatidylethanolamine was more influenced by the type of dietary phosphatidylcholine than that of tissue phosphatidylcholine. In the absence of phospholipids in the diet, triglyceride fish oil and a mixture of ethyl ester concentrate and coconut oil with similar n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids content were equivalent sources of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. The beneficial effects of dietary phospholipids may be due to a more efficient transport and utilization of dietary neutral lipids through a better lipid mobilization following absorption in the intestinal mucosa rather than due to a better emulsification of neutral lipid in the gut lumen. The functionality of phosphatidylcholine in the diet of postlarval P. japonicus requires the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and an intact fatty acid moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Kontara
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, University of Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Mourente G, Vázquez R. Changes in the content of total lipid, lipid classes and their fatty acids of developing eggs and unfed larvae of the Senegal sole,Solea senegalensis Kaup. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 15:221-235. [PMID: 24194141 DOI: 10.1007/bf01875573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Total lipids, lipid classes and their associated fatty acids were quantified in developing eggs, yolk-sac larvae and starving larvae (from day 1 to day 5 after hatching) of the Senegal sole,Solea senegalensis Kaup. Larvae during early development and starvation consumed about 0.6% of its dry weight per day, mainly due to lipid catabolism. There was a net consumption of approximately 1.7% total lipid per day, and a net energy utilization of 1.3 kcal g(-1) dry weight biomass day(-1), mostly derived from lipid depletion. The overall decrease of total neutral lipids (mainly triacylglycerols and sterol esters) was 3.4 faster than that of total polar lipids (primarily phosphatidylcholine), with rates of 29.2 and 8.7 μg mg(-1) dry weight biomass day(-1), respectively. There was a concomitant increase in PE, PS and phosphatidic acid during the period under study. Total saturated and total monounsaturated fatty acids were catabolized (primarily 16∶0 and 16∶1 (n-7)) as energy substrates at rates of 7.4 and 10.9 μg mg(-1) total lipid day(-1), whereas total PUFAs were conserved. DHA was specifically retained in PE, whereas EPA and DHA were catabolized in PC and triacylglycerol. Total DMA and AA contents in total lipid increased during early development and starvation. The data denote a pattern of lipid metabolism during early development of Senegal sole similar to that of other marine larval fish, with eggs containing high amounts of total lipids (presence of oil globule/s), from temperate waters and with short developmental periods; the pattern contrasts with fish larvae from eggs of cold water fish species that contain low levels of total lipids (lack of oil globule/s) and have long developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mourente
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecologia, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Poligono Rio San Pedro, Apartado 40, 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain,
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19
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Henderson RJ, Park MT, Sargent JR. The desaturation and elongation of (14)C-labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids by pike (Esox lucius L.) in vivo. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 14:223-235. [PMID: 24197444 DOI: 10.1007/bf00004313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To examine the ability of pike (Esox lucius L.) to modify exogenous PUFA by desaturation and elongation, (14)C-labelled 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-3), 20:4(n-6) and 20:5(n-3) were injected intraperitoneally and the distribution of radioactivity in tissue lipid classes and liver PUFA measured. In all tissues examined, radioactivity from all (14)C-PUFA was recovered in many classes of acyl lipids and the level of recovery generally reflected the relative abundance of the lipid classes. Triacylglycerols, CGP and EGP usually contained high levels of all incorporated (14)C-PUFA. PI contained higher levels of radioactivity from (14)C-20:4(n-6) than from other injected substrates. In liver lipid, the Δ6 desaturation products of (14)C-18:2(n-6) and (14)C-18:3(n-3) contained no measurable radioactivity although the elongation products of the Δ6 desaturation products were labelled, as were the direct elongation products of these injected substrates. No radioactivity from (14)C-18:2(n-6) or (14)C-18:3(n-3) was detected in C20 or C22 products of Δ5 and Δ4 desaturation. Almost all radioactivity from injected (14)C-20:4(n-6) was recovered in this PUFA. Of the total radioactivity from (14)C-20:5(n-3) incorporated into liver lipid, 7% was present as 24:5 and 16.4% was recovered in hexaenoic fatty acids. In liver, 24:5(n-3) and 24:6(n-3) each accounted for 1% of the mass of total fatty acids and were located almost exclusively in triacylglycerols. The presence of radioactivity in these C24 PUFA suggests that in pike the synthesis of 22:6(n-3) from 20:5(n-3) may proceed without Δ4 desaturase via the pathway which involves chain shortening of 24:6(n-3). It is concluded that under the circumstances employed in this study pike, do not exhibit Δ5 desaturase activity and are unable to synthesize 20:4(n-6) and 20:5(n-3) from 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3), respectively. This suggests that pike may require 20:4(n-6) and 20:5(n-3) preformed in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henderson
- N.E.R.C. Unit of Aquatic Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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