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Mourenas D, Artemyev AV, Zhang X, Angelopoulos V. Extreme Energy Spectra of Relativistic Electron Flux in the Outer Radiation Belt. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2022JA031038. [PMID: 36591600 PMCID: PMC9788025 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja031038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron diffusion by whistler-mode chorus waves is one of the key processes controlling the dynamics of relativistic electron fluxes in the Earth's radiation belts. It is responsible for the acceleration of sub-relativistic electrons injected from the plasma sheet to relativistic energies as well as for their precipitation and loss into the atmosphere. Based on analytical estimates of chorus wave-driven quasi-linear electron energy and pitch-angle diffusion rates, we provide analytical steady-state solutions to the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation for the relativistic electron distribution and flux. The impact on these steady-state solutions of additional electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, and of ultralow frequency waves are examined. Such steady-state solutions correspond to hard energy spectra at 1-4 MeV, dangerous for satellite electronics, and represent attractors for the system dynamics in the presence of sufficiently strong driving by continuous injections of 10-300 keV electrons. Therefore, these analytical steady-state solutions provide a simple means for estimating the most extreme electron energy spectra potentially encountered in the outer radiation belt, despite the great variability of injections and plasma conditions. These analytical steady-state solutions are compared with numerical simulations based on the full Fokker-Planck equation and with relativistic electron flux spectra measured by satellites during one extreme event and three strong events of high time-integrated geomagnetic activity, demonstrating a good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mourenas
- CEADAMDIFArpajonFrance
- Laboratoire Matière en Conditions ExtrêmesCEAParis‐Saclay UniversityBruyères‐le‐ChâtelFrance
| | - A. V. Artemyev
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - X.‐J. Zhang
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTXUSA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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Gustafsson G. Latitude and local time dependence of precipitated low-energy electrons at high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i025p05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pfitzer KA, Winckler JR. Intensity correlations and substorm electron drift effects in the outer radiation belt measured with the OGO 3 and ATS 1 satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja074i021p05005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Konradi A, Semar CL, Fritz TA. Substorm-injected protons and electrons and the injection boundary model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i004p00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hones EW, Singer S, Lanzerotti LJ, Pierson JD, Rosenberg TJ. Magnetospheric substorm of August 25-26, 1967. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja076i013p02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Konradi A, Williams DJ, Fritz TA. Energy spectra and pitch angle distributions of storm-time and substorm injected protons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i022p04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kivelson MG, Southwood DJ. Approximations for the study of drift boundaries in the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i025p03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Walker RJ, Kivelson MG. Energization of electrons at synchronous orbit by substorm-associated cross-magnetosphere electric fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i016p02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barfield JN, DeForest SE, Williams DJ. Simultaneous observations of substorm electrons: Explorer 45 and ATS 5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i004p00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Williams DJ, Barfield JN, Fritz TA. Initial Explorer 45 substorm observations and electric field considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja079i004p00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rosen LH, Winckler JR. Evidence for the large-scale azimuthal drift of electron precipitation during magnetospheric substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja075i028p05576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Reeves GD, Belian RD, Fritz TA. Numerical tracing of energetic particle drifts in a model magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rostoker G, Kisabeth JL, Sharp RD, Shelley EG. The expansive phase of magnetospheric substorms 2. The response at synchronous altitude of particles of different energy ranges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i025p03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aggson TL, Heppner JP. Observations of large transient magnetospheric electric fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i032p05155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Parks GK. The acceleration and precipitation of Van Allen outer zone energetic electrons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja075i019p03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anderson PC, Hanson WB, Heelis RA, Craven JD, Baker DN, Frank LA. A proposed production model of rapid subauroral ion drifts and their relationship to substorm evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lezniak TW, Winckler JR. Experimental study of magnetospheric motions and the acceleration of energetic electrons during substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja075i034p07075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Foster JC, Rosenberg TJ, Lanzerotti LJ. Magnetospheric conditions at the time of enhanced wave-particle interactions near the plasmapause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i013p02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kivelson MG, Farley TA, Aubry MP. Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968: 5. Energetic electrons, spatial boundaries, and wave-particle interactions at Ogo 5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i016p03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Goldstein J. Coupled response of the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere on 17 April 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Milan SE. Response of the magnetotail to changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mauk BH, Clarke JT, Grodent D, Waite JH, Paranicas CP, Williams DJ. Transient aurora on Jupiter from injections of magnetospheric electrons. Nature 2002; 415:1003-5. [PMID: 11875562 DOI: 10.1038/4151003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Energetic electrons and ions that are trapped in Earth's magnetosphere can suddenly be accelerated towards the planet. Some dynamic features of Earth's aurora (the northern and southern lights) are created by the fraction of these injected particles that travels along magnetic field lines and hits the upper atmosphere. Jupiter's aurora appears similar to Earth's in some respects; both appear as large ovals circling the poles and both show transient events. But the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Earth are so different---particularly in the way they are powered---that it is not known whether the magnetospheric drivers of Earth's aurora also cause them on Jupiter. Here we show a direct relationship between Earth-like injections of electrons in Jupiter's magnetosphere and a transient auroral feature in Jupiter's polar region. This relationship is remarkably similar to what happens at Earth, and therefore suggests that despite the large differences between planetary magnetospheres, some processes that generate aurorae are the same throughout the Solar System.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Mauk
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA.
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Liou K, Meng CI, Newell PT, Lui ATY, Reeves GD, Belian RD. Particle injections with auroral expansions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Meredith NP, Horne RB, Johnstone AD, Anderson RR. The temporal evolution of electron distributions and associated wave activity following substorm injections in the inner magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mauk BH, Williams DJ, McEntire RW, Khurana KK, Roederer JG. Storm-like dynamics of Jupiter's inner and middle magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sergeev VA, Shukhtina MA, Rasinkangas R, Korth A, Reeves GD, Singer HJ, Thomsen MF, Vagina LI. Event study of deep energetic particle injections during substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith AJ, Freeman MP, Reeves GD. Post midnight VLF chorus events, a substorm signature observed at the ground nearL= 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kerns KJ, Hardy DA, Gussenhoven MS. Modeling of convection boundaries seen by CRRES in 120-eV to 28-keV particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Davidson GT. Pitch angle diffusion in morningside aurorae: 1. The role of the loss cone in the formation of impulsive bursts of precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/ja091ia04p04413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Greenspan ME, Williams DJ, Mauk BH, Meng CI. Ion and electron energy dispersion features detected by ISEE 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia05p04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mauk BH, Meng CI. Characterization of geostationary particle signatures based on the ‘Injection Boundary’ Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia04p03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker DN, Fritz TA, Wilken B, Higbie PR, Kaye SM, Kivelson MG, Moore TE, Stüdemann W, Masley AJ, Smith PH, Vampola AL. Observation and modeling of energetic particles at synchronous orbit on July 29, 1977. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia08p05917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Imhof WL, Stadsnes J, Kilner JR, Datlowe DW, Nakano GH, Reagan JB, Stauning P. Mappings of energetic electron precipitation following substorms using the satellite Bremsstrahlung technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia02p00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker DN, Stauning P, Hones EW, Higbie PR, Belian RD. Near-equatorial, high-resolution measurements of electron precipitation at L ≃6.6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia04p02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Erickson KN, Swanson RL, Walker RJ, Winckler JR. A study of magnetosphere dynamics during auroral electrojet events by observations of energetic electron intensity changes at synchronous orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/ja084ia03p00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trefall H, Williams DJ. Time structure of postmidnight energetic electron precipitation and the limit of stable trapping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/ja084ia06p02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kivelson MG, Kaye SM, Southwood DJ. The Physics of Plasma Injection Events. DYNAMICS OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9519-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Baker DN, Belian RD, Higbie PR, Hones EW. High-energy magnetospheric protons and their dependence on geomagnetic and interplanetary conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/ja084ia12p07138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Walker RJ, Erickson KN, Winckler JR. Pitch angle dispersion of drifting energetic protons at synchronous orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1029/ja083ia04p01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Smith P, Thomas G. Some observations of electrons with energies > 30 keV made during magnetospheric substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(76)90091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Substorm Phenomena and the Uniqueness of the Geostationary Orbit for Observation of Dynamic Processes in the Magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1892-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lukkari L, Kangas J, Heacock R. Simultaneous observations of evening magnetic pulsations and morning electron precipitation events in the auroral zone during the substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(75)90123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Maral G, Brønstad K, Trefall H, Kremser G, Specht H, Tanskanen P, Kangas J, Riedler W, Legrand J. On the morphology of auroral-zone X-ray events—III. Large-scale observations in the midnight-to-morning sector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(73)90203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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