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Trattner KJ, Petrinec SM, Fuselier SA. The Location of Magnetic Reconnection at Earth's Magnetopause. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:41. [PMID: 34720216 PMCID: PMC8550343 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the major questions about magnetic reconnection is how specific solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions influence where reconnection occurs at the Earth's magnetopause. There are two reconnection scenarios discussed in the literature: a) anti-parallel reconnection and b) component reconnection. Early spacecraft observations were limited to the detection of accelerated ion beams in the magnetopause boundary layer to determine the general direction of the reconnection X-line location with respect to the spacecraft. An improved view of the reconnection location at the magnetopause evolved from ionospheric emissions observed by polar-orbiting imagers. These observations and the observations of accelerated ion beams revealed that both scenarios occur at the magnetopause. Improved methodology using the time-of-flight effect of precipitating ions in the cusp regions and the cutoff velocity of the precipitating and mirroring ion populations was used to pinpoint magnetopause reconnection locations for a wide range of solar wind conditions. The results from these methodologies have been used to construct an empirical reconnection X-line model known as the Maximum Magnetic Shear model. Since this model's inception, several tests have confirmed its validity and have resulted in modifications to the model for certain solar wind conditions. This review article summarizes the observational evidence for the location of magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause, emphasizing the properties and efficacy of the Maximum Magnetic Shear Model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. A. Fuselier
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
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Sandhu JK, Rae IJ, Freeman MP, Forsyth C, Gkioulidou M, Reeves GD, Spence HE, Jackman CM, Lam MM. Energization of the Ring Current by Substorms. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2018; 123:8131-8148. [PMID: 30775195 PMCID: PMC6360953 DOI: 10.1029/2018ja025766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The substorm process releases large amounts of energy into the magnetospheric system, although where the energy is transferred to and how it is partitioned remains an open question. In this study, we address whether the substorm process contributes a significant amount of energy to the ring current. The ring current is a highly variable region, and understanding the energization processes provides valuable insight into how substorm-ring current coupling may contribute to the generation of storm conditions and provide a source of energy for wave driving. In order to quantify the energy input into the ring current during the substorm process, we analyze Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment and Helium Oxygen Proton Electron ion flux measurements for H+, O+, and He+. The energy content of the ring current is estimated and binned spatially for L and magnetic local time. The results are combined with an independently derived substorm event list to perform a statistical analysis of variations in the ring current energy content with substorm phase. We show that the ring current energy is significantly higher in the expansion phase compared to the growth phase, with the energy enhancement persisting into the substorm recovery phase. The characteristics of the energy enhancement suggest the injection of energized ions from the tail plasma sheet following substorm onset. The local time variations indicate a loss of energetic H+ ions in the afternoon sector, likely due to wave-particle interactions. Overall, we find that the average energy input into the ring current is ∼9% of the previously reported energy released during substorms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sandhu
- Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science Laboratory University College London London UK
| | - I J Rae
- Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science Laboratory University College London London UK
| | | | - C Forsyth
- Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science Laboratory University College London London UK
| | - M Gkioulidou
- Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - G D Reeves
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM USA
| | - H E Spence
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA
| | - C M Jackman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - M M Lam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton Southampton UK
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Russell CT, Strangeway RJ, Zhao C, Anderson BJ, Baumjohann W, Bromund KR, Fischer D, Kepko L, Le G, Magnes W, Nakamura R, Plaschke F, Slavin JA, Torbert RB, Moore TE, Paterson WR, Pollock CJ, Burch JL. Structure, force balance, and topology of Earth's magnetopause. Science 2017; 356:960-963. [PMID: 28572393 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The magnetopause deflects the solar wind plasma and confines Earth's magnetic field. We combine measurements made by the four spacecraft of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission to demonstrate how the plasma and magnetic forces at the boundary affect the interaction between the shocked solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere. We compare these forces with the plasma pressure and examine the electron distribution function. We find that the magnetopause has sublayers with thickness comparable to the ion scale. Small pockets of low magnetic field strength, small radius of curvature, and high electric current mark the electron diffusion region. The flow of electrons, parallel and antiparallel to the magnetic field, reveals a complex topology with the creation of magnetic ropes at the boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Russell
- Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - R J Strangeway
- Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C Zhao
- Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - B J Anderson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723-6099, USA
| | - W Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - K R Bromund
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D Fischer
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - L Kepko
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.,University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - G Le
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - W Magnes
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - F Plaschke
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J A Slavin
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA
| | - R B Torbert
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - T E Moore
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - W R Paterson
- Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C J Pollock
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J L Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228-0510, USA
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Pilkington NM, Achilleos N, Arridge CS, Guio P, Masters A, Ray LC, Sergis N, Thomsen MF, Coates AJ, Dougherty MK. Internally driven large-scale changes in the size of Saturn's magnetosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2015; 120:7289-7306. [PMID: 27867793 PMCID: PMC5111417 DOI: 10.1002/2015ja021290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Saturn's magnetic field acts as an obstacle to solar wind flow, deflecting plasma around the planet and forming a cavity known as the magnetosphere. The magnetopause defines the boundary between the planetary and solar dominated regimes, and so is strongly influenced by the variable nature of pressure sources both outside and within. Following from Pilkington et al. (2014), crossings of the magnetopause are identified using 7 years of magnetic field and particle data from the Cassini spacecraft and providing unprecedented spatial coverage of the magnetopause boundary. These observations reveal a dynamical interaction where, in addition to the external influence of the solar wind dynamic pressure, internal drivers, and hot plasma dynamics in particular can take almost complete control of the system's dayside shape and size, essentially defying the solar wind conditions. The magnetopause can move by up to 10-15 planetary radii at constant solar wind dynamic pressure, corresponding to relatively "plasma-loaded" or "plasma-depleted" states, defined in terms of the internal suprathermal plasma pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Pilkington
- Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Centre for Planetary SciencesUCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - N. Achilleos
- Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Centre for Planetary SciencesUCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | | | - P. Guio
- Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Centre for Planetary SciencesUCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - A. Masters
- Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - L. C. Ray
- Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Centre for Planetary SciencesUCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
| | - N. Sergis
- Academy of AthensOffice of Space Research and TechnologyAthensGreece
| | | | - A. J. Coates
- The Centre for Planetary SciencesUCL/BirkbeckLondonUK
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate PhysicsUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
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Sonnerup BUÖ, Paschmann G, Phan TD. Fluid Aspects of Reconnection at the Magnetopause: In Situ Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm090p0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Kennel CF, Rees MH. Dayside auroral-oval plasma density and conductivity enhancements due to magnetosheath electron precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja077i013p02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Russell CT, Chappell CR, Montgomery MD, Neugebauer M, Scarf FL. Ogo 5 observations of the polar cusp on November 1, 1968. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja076i028p06743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Holzer TE, Reid GC. The response of the day side magnetosphere-ionosphere system to time-varying field line reconnection at the magnetopause, 1. Theoretical model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i016p02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Coroniti FV, Kennel CF. Changes in magnetospheric configuration during the substorm growth phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja077i019p03361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fairfield DH. Magnetic field signatures of substorms on high-latitude field lines in the nighttime magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i010p01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maezawa K. Magnetospheric convection induced by the positive and negativeZcomponents of the interplanetary magnetic field: Quantitative analysis using polar cap magnetic records. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i013p02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mikkelsen IS, Jørgensen TS, Kelley MC. Observation and interpretation of plasma motions in the polar cap ionosphere during magnetic substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i022p03197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sugiura M. Identifications of the polar cap boundary and the auroral belt in the high-altitude magnetosphere: A model for field-aligned currents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i016p02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gonzalez WD, Mozer FS. A quantitative model for the potential resulting from reconnection with an arbitrary interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja079i028p04186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Horwitz JL, Akasofu SI. The response of the dayside aurora to sharp northward and southward transitions of the interplanetary magnetic field and to magnetospheric substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i019p02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scarf FL, Fredricks RW, Russell CT, Neugebauer M, Kivelson M, Chappell CR. Current-driven plasma instabilities at high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i016p02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Hones EW, Asbridge JR, Bame SJ. Time variations of the magnetotail plasma sheet at 18REDetermined from concurrent observations by a pair of Vela satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja076i019p04402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Fairfield DH, Mead GD. Magnetospheric mapping with a quantitative geomagnetic field model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i004p00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Burch JL. Preconditions for the triggering of polar magnetic substorms by storm sudden commencements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja077i028p05629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Burch JL. Precipitation of low-energy electrons at high latitudes: Effects of interplanetary magnetic field and dipole tilt angle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja077i034p06696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Mozer FS. Origin and effects of electric fields during isolated magnetospheric substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja076i031p07595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Kivelson MG, Russell CT, Neugebauer M, Scarf FL, Fredricks RW. Dependence of the polar cusp on the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i019p03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hill TW, Rassbach ME. Interplanetary magnetic field direction and the configuration of the day side magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i001p00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Fairfield DH. Average and unusual locations of the Earth's magnetopause and bow shock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja076i028p06700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Bogott FH, Mozer FS. Nightside energetic particle decreases at the synchronous orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i034p08119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Sibeck DG, Croley DJ. Solar wind dynamic pressure variations and possible ground signatures of flux transfer events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Burton RK, Russell CT, Chappell CR. The Alfvén velocity in the magnetosphere and its relationship to ELF emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja075i028p05582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Kamide Y, Burch JL, Winningham JD, Akasofu SI. Dependence of the latitude of the cleft on the interplanetary magnetic field and substorm activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i004p00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Aubry MP, McPherron RL. Magnetotail changes in relation to the solar wind magnetic field and magnetospheric substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja076i019p04381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reid GC, Holzer TE. The response of the day side magnetosphere-ionosphere system, to time-varying field line reconnection at the magnetopause, 2. Erosion event of March 27, 1968. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i016p02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Neugebauer M, Russell CT, Smith EJ. Observations of the internal structure of the magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja079i004p00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Lui ATY, Hones EW, Venkatesan D, Akasofu SI, Bame SJ. Response of the plasma sheet at ∼18REto sudden southward turnings of the interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i007p00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Forbes TG, Speiser TW. Mathematical models of the open magnetosphere: Application to dayside auroras. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja076i031p07542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lai HR, Wei HY, Russell CT, Arridge CS, Dougherty MK. Reconnection at the magnetopause of Saturn: Perspective from FTE occurrence and magnetosphere size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang M, Lu J, Liu Z, Pei S. Dependence of magnetic field just inside the magnetopause on subsolar standoff distance: Global MHD results. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ogilvie KW, von Rosenvinge T, Durney AC. International sun-Earth explorer: a three-spacecraft program. Science 2010; 198:131-8. [PMID: 17755342 DOI: 10.1126/science.198.4313.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The International Sun-Earth Explorer is a three-spacecraft program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the European Space Agency aimed at securing a more quantitative knowledge of the structure and stability of the magnetosphere. One spacecraft (ISEE-C) makes observations in the solar wind upstream of the earth, while the other two (ISEE-A and ISEE-B), in the same highly eccentric orbit but separated by a relatively small variable distance, observe inside the magnetosphere. This international program is concurrent with the International Magnetospheric Study, to which ISEE-A and ISEE-C form a large U.S. contribution. The scientific aims and technological methods are discussed.
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Lin R, Zhang X, Liu S, Wang Y, Gong J. Comparison of a new model with previous models for the low-latitude magnetopause size and shape. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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McPherron RL, Aubry MP, Russell CT, Coleman PJ. Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968: 4. Ogo 5 magnetic field observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i016p03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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47
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McPherron RL, Russell CT, Aubry MP. Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968: 9. Phenomenological model for substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i016p03131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 951] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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49
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Scarf FL, Fredricks RW, Kennel CF, Coroniti FV. Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968: 8. Ogo 5 plasma wave observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i016p03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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McPherron RL. Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968: 1. State of the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/ja078i016p03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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