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Yeung LY, Li S, Kohl IE, Haslun JA, Ostrom NE, Hu H, Fischer TP, Schauble EA, Young ED. Extreme enrichment in atmospheric 15N 15N. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao6741. [PMID: 29159288 PMCID: PMC5693561 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular nitrogen (N2) comprises three-quarters of Earth's atmosphere and significant portions of other planetary atmospheres. We report a 19 per mil (‰) excess of 15N15N in air relative to a random distribution of nitrogen isotopes, an enrichment that is 10 times larger than what isotopic equilibration in the atmosphere allows. Biological experiments show that the main sources and sinks of N2 yield much smaller proportions of 15N15N in N2. Electrical discharge experiments, however, establish 15N15N excesses of up to +23‰. We argue that 15N15N accumulates in the atmosphere because of gas-phase chemistry in the thermosphere (>100 km altitude) on time scales comparable to those of biological cycling. The atmospheric 15N15N excess therefore reflects a planetary-scale balance of biogeochemical and atmospheric nitrogen chemistry, one that may also exist on other planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Y. Yeung
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Shuning Li
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Issaku E. Kohl
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Joshua A. Haslun
- Department of Integrative Biology and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nathaniel E. Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Huanting Hu
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Tobias P. Fischer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Edwin A. Schauble
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Edward D. Young
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Wilson EH, Atreya SK, Kaiser RI, Mahaffy PR. Perchlorate formation on Mars through surface radiolysis-initiated atmospheric chemistry: A potential mechanism. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2016; 121:1472-1487. [PMID: 27774369 PMCID: PMC5054826 DOI: 10.1002/2016je005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations of the Martian surface by the Phoenix lander and the Sample Analysis at Mars indicate the presence of perchlorate (ClO4-). The abundance and isotopic composition of these perchlorates suggest that the mechanisms responsible for their formation in the Martian environment may be unique in our solar system. With this in mind, we propose a potential mechanism for the production of Martian perchlorate: the radiolysis of the Martian surface by galactic cosmic rays, followed by the sublimation of chlorine oxides into the atmosphere and their subsequent synthesis to form perchloric acid (HClO4) in the atmosphere, and the surface deposition and subsequent mineralization of HClO4 in the regolith to form surface perchlorates. To evaluate the viability of this mechanism, we employ a one-dimensional chemical model, examining chlorine chemistry in the context of Martian atmospheric chemistry. Considering the chlorine oxide, OClO, we find that an OClO flux as low as 3.2 × 107 molecules cm-2 s-1 sublimated into the atmosphere from the surface could produce sufficient HClO4 to explain the perchlorate concentration on Mars, assuming an accumulation depth of 30 cm and integrated over the Amazonian period. Radiolysis provides an efficient pathway for the oxidation of chlorine, bypassing the efficient Cl/HCl recycling mechanism that characterizes HClO4 formation mechanisms proposed for the Earth but not Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Wilson
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Sushil K. Atreya
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
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Martinez O, Sanchez JC, Ard SG, Li A, Melko JJ, Shuman NS, Guo H, Viggiano AA. Selected-ion flow tube temperature-dependent measurements for the reactions of O2+ with N atoms and N2+ with O atoms. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:154305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4916913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Martinez
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, USA
| | - Jenny C. Sanchez
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, USA
| | - Shaun G. Ard
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, USA
| | - Anyang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Joshua J. Melko
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Shuman
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Albert A. Viggiano
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, USA
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Shuman NS, Hunton DE, Viggiano AA. Ambient and Modified Atmospheric Ion Chemistry: From Top to Bottom. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4542-70. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5003479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory,
Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Donald E. Hunton
- Air Force Research Laboratory,
Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Albert A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory,
Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
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Schunk R, Raitt W. Atomic nitrogen and oxygen ions in the daytime high-latitude F region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja085ia03p01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fox JL, Dalgarno A. The vibrational distribution of N2+in the terrestrial ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia08p07557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Torr DG, Orsini N, Torr MR, Hanson WB, Hoffman JH, Walker JCG. Determination of the rate coefficient for the N2++ O Reaction in the ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i010p01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oppenheimer M, Dalgarno A, Brinton HC. Ion chemistry of N2+and the solar ultraviolet flux in the thermosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i022p03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oppenheimer M, Constantinides ER, Kirby-Docken K, Victor GA, Dalgarno A, Hoffman JH. Ion photochemistry of the thermosphere from Atmosphere Explorer C measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i035p05485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gerard JC, Rusch D. The auroral ionosphere: Comparison of a time-dependent model with composition measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja084ia08p04335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lindinger W, Fehsenfeld FC, Schmeltekopf AL, Ferguson EE. Temperature dependence of some ionospheric ion-neutral reactions from 300°-900°K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja079i031p04753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lindinger W, Albritton DL, Howard CJ, Fehsenfeld FC, Ferguson EE. Laboratory measurements of H2O2production and loss reactions and implications for mesospheric H2O2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i022p03277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Torr MR, St. -Maurice JP, Torr DG. The rate coefficient for the O++ N2reaction in the ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i022p03287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oran ES, Julienne PS, Strobel DF. The aeronomy of odd nitrogen in the thermosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i022p03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Orsini N, Torr DG, Torr MR, Brinton HC, Brace LH, Nier AO, Walker JCG. Quenching of metastable ²Doxygen ions in the thermosphere by atomic oxygen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i029p04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Frederick JE, Rusch DW. On the chemistry of metastable atomic nitrogen in theFregion deduced from Simultaneous satellite measurements of the 5200-Å airglow and atmospheric composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i025p03509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Strobel DF, Oran ES, Feldman PD. The aeronomy of odd nitrogen in the thermosphere 2. Twilight emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i022p03745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rusch D, Gérard JC. Satellite studies of N(²D) emission and ion chemistry in aurorae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja085ia03p01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oppenheimer M, Dalgarno A, Trebino FP, Brace LH, Brinton HC, Hoffman JH. Daytime chemistry of NO+from Atmosphere Explorer-C measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i001p00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Heroux L, Cohen M, Higgins JE. Improved calculations of electron densities between 110 and 300 km derived from solar EUV fluxes of August 23, 1972. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i034p04732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Richards
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; George Mason University; Fairfax Virginia USA
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Möller D, Graf M. Reaktionsbeziehungen gasförmiger chemischer Schadstoffe in der Atmosphäre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zfch.19750151202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Viggiano AA. Reexamination of ionospheric chemistry: high temperature kinetics, internal energy dependences, unusual isomers, and corrections. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:2557-71. [PMID: 16738710 DOI: 10.1039/b603585j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of aspects of ionospheric chemistry are revisited. The review discusses in detail only work performed at AFRL, but other work is mentioned. A large portion of the paper discusses measurements of the kinetics of upper ionospheric reactions at very high temperatures, i.e. the upper temperature range has been extended to at least 1400 K and in some cases to 1800 K. These temperatures are high enough to excite vibrations in O2, N2, and NO and comparing them to drift tube data allows information on the rotational temperature and vibrational level dependences to be derived. Rotational and translational energy are equivalent in controlling the kinetics in most reactions. Vibrational energy in O2 and N2 is often found to promote reactivity which is shown to cause ionospheric density depletions. NO vibrations do not significantly affect the reactivity. In a number of cases, detailed calculations accompanied the experimental studies and elucidated details of the mechanisms. Kinetics of two peroxide isomers important in the lower ionospheric have been measured for the first time, i.e. NOO+ and ONOO-. Finally, two examples are shown where errors in previous data are corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731-3010, USA
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28
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Verronen PT, Seppälä A, Clilverd MA, Rodger CJ, Kyrölä E, Enell CF, Ulich T, Turunen E. Diurnal variation of ozone depletion during the October-November 2003 solar proton events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka T. Verronen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Earth Observation; Helsinki Finland
| | - Annika Seppälä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Earth Observation; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Craig J. Rodger
- Physics Department; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Erkki Kyrölä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Earth Observation; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Thomas Ulich
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory; Sodankylä Finland
| | - Esa Turunen
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory; Sodankylä Finland
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Bailey SM, Barth CA, Solomon SC. A model of nitric oxide in the lower thermosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Bailey
- Geophysical Institute; University of Alaska; Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Charles A. Barth
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Stanley C. Solomon
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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30
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Fox JL, Sung KY. Solar activity variations of the Venus thermosphere/ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schlesier AC, Buonsanto MJ. The Millstone Hill ionospheric model and its application to the May 26-27, 1990, ionospheric storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scott GBI, Fairley DA, Milligan DB, Freeman CG, McEwan MJ. Gas Phase Reactions of Some Positive Ions with Atomic and Molecular Oxygen and Nitric Oxide at 300 K. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9913719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham B. I. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David A. Fairley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Daniel B. Milligan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Colin G. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Murray J. McEwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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33
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Swaminathan PK, Strobel DF, Kupperman DG, Kumar CK, Acton L, DeMajistre R, Yee JH, Paxton L, Anderson DE, Strickland DJ, Duff JW. Nitric oxide abundance in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region: Roles of solar soft X rays, suprathermal N(4S) atoms, and vertical transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja03249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Buonsanto MJ, Richards PG, Tobiska WK, Solomon SC, Tung YK, Fennelly JA. Ionospheric electron densities calculated using different EUV flux models and cross sections: Comparison with radar data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Buonsanto MJ, Solomon SC, Tobiska WK. Comparison of measured and modeled solar EUV flux and its effect on theE-F1region ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Chemical modelling of the quiet summer D- and E-regions using EISCAT electron density profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(91)90026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Strickland DJ, Meier RR, Hecht JH, Christensen AB. Deducing composition and incident electron spectra from ground-based auroral optical measurements: Theory and model results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia10p13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fesen CG, Gérard JC, Rusch DW. Rapid deactivation of N(²D) by O: Impact on thermospheric and mesospheric odd nitrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia05p05419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Solomon SC, Hays PB, Abreu VJ. The auroral 6300 Å emission: Observations and modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia09p09867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Krankowsky D, Lämmerzahl P, Götzelmann A, Friedrich M, Torkar K. Positive ion composition in the lower ionosphere at high latitudes during MAP/WINE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(87)90020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Roble RG, Ridley EC, Dickinson RE. On the global mean structure of the thermosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia08p08745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gérard JC, Roble RG, Rusch DW, Stewart AI. The global distribution of thermospheric odd nitrogen for solstice conditions during solar cycle minimum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia03p01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Abdou WA, Torr DG, Richards PG, Torr MR, Breig EL. Results of a comprehensive study of the photochemistry of N2+in the ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia10p09069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Link R, McConnell JC, Shepherd GG. An analysis of the spatial distribution of dayside cleft optical emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia12p10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Reidy WP, Degges TC, Hurd AG, Stair AT, Ulwick JC. Auroral nitric oxide concentration and infrared emission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia05p03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abdou WA, Torr DG, Richards PG, Torr MR. The effect on thermospheric chemistry of a resonant charge exchange reaction involving vibrationally excited N2+ions with atomic oxygen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia08p06324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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