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Trattner KJ, Petrinec SM, Fuselier SA. The Location of Magnetic Reconnection at Earth's Magnetopause. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:41. [PMID: 34720216 PMCID: PMC8550343 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the major questions about magnetic reconnection is how specific solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions influence where reconnection occurs at the Earth's magnetopause. There are two reconnection scenarios discussed in the literature: a) anti-parallel reconnection and b) component reconnection. Early spacecraft observations were limited to the detection of accelerated ion beams in the magnetopause boundary layer to determine the general direction of the reconnection X-line location with respect to the spacecraft. An improved view of the reconnection location at the magnetopause evolved from ionospheric emissions observed by polar-orbiting imagers. These observations and the observations of accelerated ion beams revealed that both scenarios occur at the magnetopause. Improved methodology using the time-of-flight effect of precipitating ions in the cusp regions and the cutoff velocity of the precipitating and mirroring ion populations was used to pinpoint magnetopause reconnection locations for a wide range of solar wind conditions. The results from these methodologies have been used to construct an empirical reconnection X-line model known as the Maximum Magnetic Shear model. Since this model's inception, several tests have confirmed its validity and have resulted in modifications to the model for certain solar wind conditions. This review article summarizes the observational evidence for the location of magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause, emphasizing the properties and efficacy of the Maximum Magnetic Shear Model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. A. Fuselier
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
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Liu YH, Hesse M, Li TC, Kuznetsova M, Le A. Orientation and Stability of Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection X Line. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2018; 123:4908-4920. [PMID: 30364510 PMCID: PMC6196328 DOI: 10.1029/2018ja025410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The orientation and stability of the reconnection x line in asymmetric geometry is studied using three-dimensional (3-D) particle-in-cell simulations. We initiate reconnection at the center of a large simulation domain to minimize the boundary effect. The resulting x line has sufficient freedom to develop along an optimal orientation, and it remains laminar. Companion 2-D simulations indicate that this x line orientation maximizes the reconnection rate. The divergence of the nongyrotropic pressure tensor breaks the frozen-in condition, consistent with its 2-D counterpart. We then design 3-D simulations with one dimension being short to fix the x line orientation but long enough to allow the growth of the fastest growing oblique tearing modes. This numerical experiment suggests that reconnection tends to radiate secondary oblique tearing modes if it is externally (globally) forced to proceed along an orientation not favored by the local physics. The development of oblique structure easily leads to turbulence inside small periodic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - M Hesse
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - T C Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - M Kuznetsova
- NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - A Le
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Borovsky
- Center for Space Plasma Physics, Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80301-2532, USA
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Statistical Study of the Dependence of Geomagnetic Activity on Solar Wind Parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm021p0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Mac‐Mahon RM, Gonzalez WD. Energetics during the main phase of geomagnetic superstorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Haerendel G, Paschmann G, Sckopke N, Rosenbauer H, Hedgecock PC. The frontside boundary layer of the magnetosphere and the problem of reconnection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja083ia07p03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tsurutani BT, Smith EJ. Two types of magnetospheric ELF chorus and their substorm dependences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i032p05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee LC, Roederer JG. Solar wind energy transfer through the magnetopause of an open magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia03p01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crooker NU, Siscoe GL, Toffoletto FR. Reply [to “Comment on ‘A tangent subsolar merging line’ by N. U. Crooker et al.”]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maezawa K. Magnetospheric convection induced by the positive and negativeZcomponents of the interplanetary magnetic field: Quantitative analysis using polar cap magnetic records. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i013p02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ogilvie KW, Scudder JD, Vasyliunas VM, Hartle RE, Siscoe GL. Observations at the planet Mercury by the Plasma Electron Experiment: Mariner 10. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i013p01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Meng CI, Holzworth RH, Akasofu SI. Auroral circle-delineating the poleward boundary of the quiet auroral belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i001p00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fedder JA, Lyon JG, Slinker SP, Mobarry CM. Topological structure of the magnetotail as a function of interplanetary magnetic field direction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yeh T. Day side reconnection between a dipolar geomagnetic field and a uniform interplanetary field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i013p02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Holzworth RH, Berthelier JJ, Cullers DK, Fahleson UV, Falthammar CG, Hudson MK, Jalonen L, Kelley MC, Kellogg PJ, Tanskanen P, Temerin M, Mozer FS. The large-scale ionospheric electric field: Its variation with magnetic activity and relation to terrestrial kilometric radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i019p02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crooker NU, Luhmann JG, Spreiter JR, Stahara SS. Magnetopause merging site asymmetries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia01p00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kamide Y, Winningham JD. A statistical study of the ‘instantaneous’ nightside auroral oval: The equatorward boundary of electron precipitation as observed by the Isis 1 and 2 satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i035p05573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reiff PH, Spiro RW, Hill TW. Dependence of polar cap potential drop on interplanetary parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia09p07639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kamide Y, Perreault PD, Akasofu SI, Winningham JD. Dependence of substorm occurrence probability on the interplanetary magnetic field and on the size of the auroral oval. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja082i035p05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCoy JE, Lin RP, Mozer FS, McGuire RE, Chase LM, Anderson KA. Comparison of simultaneous magnetotail and polar ionospheric electric fields and energetic particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja081i013p02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Taguchi S, Sugiura M, Winningham JD, Slavin JA. Characterization of the IMFBy-dependent field-aligned currents in the cleft region based on DE 2 observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gonzalez WD. Comment on “A tangent subsolar merging line” by N. U. Crooker et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Park KS, Ogino T, Walker RJ. On the importance of antiparallel reconnection when the dipole tilt and IMFByare nonzero. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Extended magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause from detection of bi-directional jets. Nature 2000; 404:848-50. [PMID: 10786785 DOI: 10.1038/35009050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic reconnection is a process that converts magnetic energy into bi-directional plasma jets; it is believed to be the dominant process by which solar-wind energy enters the Earth's magnetosphere. This energy is subsequently dissipated by magnetic storms and aurorae. Previous single-spacecraft observations revealed only single jets at the magnetopause--while the existence of a counter-streaming jet was implicitly assumed, no experimental confirmation was available. Here we report in situ two-spacecraft observations of bi-directional jets at the magnetopause, finding evidence for a stable and extended reconnection line; the latter implies substantial entry of the solar wind into the magnetosphere. We conclude that reconnection is determined by large-scale interactions between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, rather than by local conditions at the magnetopause.
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Kamide Y, Baumjohann W, Daglis IA, Gonzalez WD, Grande M, Joselyn JA, McPherron RL, Phillips JL, Reeves EGD, Rostoker G, Sharma AS, Singer HJ, Tsurutani BT, Vasyliunas VM. Current understanding of magnetic storms: Storm-substorm relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liou K, Newell PT, Meng CI, Brittnacher M, Parks G. Characteristics of the solar wind controlled auroral emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Borodkova NL, Zastenker GN, Sibeck DG. A case and statistical study of transient magnetic field events at geosynchronous orbit and their solar wind origin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gonzalez WD, Joselyn JA, Kamide Y, Kroehl HW, Rostoker G, Tsurutani BT, Vasyliunas VM. What is a geomagnetic storm? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1470] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ahn BH, Kamide Y, Kroehl HW, Gorney DJ. Cross-polar cap potential difference, auroral electrojet indices, and solar wind parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Basinska EM, Burke WJ, Maynard NC, Hughes WJ, Winningham JD, Hanson WB. Small-scale electrodynamics of the cusp with northward interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja03023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cowley SWH, Morelli JP, Lockwood M. Dependence of convective flows and particle precipitation in the high-latitude dayside ionosphere on theXandYcomponents of the interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Elphinstone RD, Jankowska K, Murphree JS, Cogger LL. The configuration of the auroral distribution for interplanetary magnetic fieldBznorthward: 1. IMFBxandBydependencies as observed by the Viking satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia05p05791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Biernat HK, Heyn MF, Rijnbeek RP, Semenov VS, Farrugia CJ. The structure of reconnection layers: Application to the Earth’s magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia01p00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gonzalez WD, Tsurutani BT, Gonzalez ALC, Smith EJ, Tang F, Akasofu SI. Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling during intense magnetic storms (1978-1979). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia07p08835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Toffoletto FR, Hill TW. Mapping of the solar wind electric field to the Earth's polar caps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia01p00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu ZX, Lee LC, Wei CQ, Akasofu SI. Magnetospheric substorms: An equivalent circuit approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia07p07366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ogino T, Walker RJ, Ashour-Abdalla M, Dawson JM. An MHD simulation of the effects of the interplanetary magnetic fieldBycomponent on the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere during southward interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/ja091ia09p10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reiff PH, Luhmann JG. Solar Wind Control of the Polar-Cap Voltage. SOLAR WIND — MAGNETOSPHERE COUPLING 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4722-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sato T. Three-dimensional reconnection between two colliding magnetized plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1985; 54:1502-1505. [PMID: 10031055 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.54.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Baumjohann W, Haerendel G. Magnetospheric convection observed between 0600 and 2100 LT: Solar wind and IMF dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia07p06370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Berchem J, Russell CT. Flux transfer events on the magnetopause: Spatial distribution and controlling factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia08p06689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Magnetic field reconnection at the magnetopause: An overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/gm030p0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Rijnbeek RP, Cowley SWH, Southwood DJ, Russell CT. A survey of dayside flux transfer events observed by ISEE 1 and 2 magnetometers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia02p00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Blanc M. Magnetospheric convection effects at mid-latitudes: 1. Saint-Santin observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia01p00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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