1
|
Kakoti G, Bagiya MS, Laskar FI, Lin D. Unveiling the combined effects of neutral dynamics and electrodynamic forcing on dayside ionosphere during the 3-4 February 2022 "SpaceX" geomagnetic storms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18932. [PMID: 37919357 PMCID: PMC10622547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Geomagnetic storms of G1-class were observed on 3 and 4 February 2022, which caused the loss of 38 out of 49 SpaceX satellites during their launch due to enhanced neutral density. The effects of storm-time neutral dynamics and electrodynamics over the American sector during this minor storm have been investigated using Global Positioning System-total electron content (TEC) and Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission measured thermospheric composition and temperature. Results revealed an unexpected feature in terms of increase in O/N2 and depletion in TEC over the American low-latitudes. This feature is in addition to the classic storm time ionospheric variations of enhancement in ionospheric electron density in presence of enhanced O/N2 and an intense equatorial electrojet (EEJ). Further, significant morning-noon electron density reductions were observed over the southern mid-high latitudes along the American longitudes. Results from Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment (MAGE) model simulations elucidated storm-induced equatorward thermospheric wind which caused the strong morning counter electrojet by generating the disturbance dynamo electric field. This further explains the morning TEC depletion at low-latitudes despite an increase in O/N2. Sub-storm related magnetospheric convection resulted in significant noon-time peak in EEJ on 4 February. Observation and modelling approaches together suggested that combined effects of storm-time neutral dynamic and electrodynamic forcing resulted in significant ionospheric variations over the American sector during minor geomagnetic storms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mala S Bagiya
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (DST), Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Fazlul I Laskar
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dong Lin
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gonzales CA, Kelley MC, Behnke RA, Vickrey JF, Wand R, Holt J. On the latitudinal variations of the ionospheric electric field during magnetospheric disturbances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia11p09135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
|
5
|
Wand RH. Geomagnetic activity effects on semidiurnal winds in the lower thermosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia11p09243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Reddy CA, Nishida A. Magnetospheric substorms and nighttime height changes of the F2 region at middle and low latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Pi X, Mendillo M, Fox MW, Anderson DN. Diurnal double maxima patterns in theFregion ionosphere: Substorm-related aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Kobea AT, Richmond AD, Emery BA, Peymirat C, Lühr H, Moretto T, Hairston M, Amory-Mazaudier C. Electrodynamic coupling of high and low latitudes: Observations on May 27, 1993. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Fejer BG, Scherliess L. Empirical models of storm time equatorial zonal electric fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Abdu M, Batista I, Walker G, Sobral J, Trivedi N, de Paula E. Equatorial ionospheric electric fields during magnetospheric disturbances: local time/longitude dependences from recent EITS campaigns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(94)00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Ionospheric effects observed throughout East Asia of the large magnetic storm of 13–15 March 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(93)90093-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Balan N, Jayachandran B, Balachandran Nair R, Namboothiri S, Bailey G, Rao P. HF Doppler observations of vector plasma drifts in the evening F-region at the magnetic equator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(92)90162-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Kelley MC, Maruyama T. A diagnostic model for equatorial spreadF2. The effect of magnetic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Lyons LR, Schulz M. Access of energetic particles to storm time ring current through enhanced radial “diffusion”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia05p05491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Fejer BG, de Paula ER, Batista IS, Bonelli E, Woodman RF. Equatorial F region vertical plasma drifts during solar maxima. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia09p12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Namboothiri SP, Balan N, Rao PB. Vertical plasma drifts in the F region at the magnetic equator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia09p12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Earle GD, Kelley MC. Spectral studies of the sources of ionospheric electric fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia01p00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Pingree JE, Fejer BG. On the height variation of the equatorialFregion vertical plasma drifts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia05p04763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Meriwether JW, Moody JW, Biondi MA, Roble RG. Optical interferometric measurements of nighttime equatorial thermospheric winds at Arequipa, Peru. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/ja091ia05p05557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
24
|
Batista IS, Abdu MA, Bittencourt JA. Equatorial F region vertical plasma drifts: Seasonal and longitudinal asymmetries in the American sector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/ja091ia11p12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
DasGupta A, Maitra A, Das S. Post-midnight equatorial scintillation activity in relation to geomagnetic disturbances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(85)90067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Blanc M. Magnetospheric convection effects at mid-latitudes: 1. Saint-Santin observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia01p00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Blanc M. Magnetospheric convection effects at mid-latitudes: 3. Theoretical derivation of the disturbance convection pattern in the plasmasphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia01p00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Vondrak RR, Rich FJ. Simultaneous Chatanika radar and S3-2 satellite measurements of ionospheric electrodynamics in the diffuse aurora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia08p06173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Kamide Y, Matsushita S. Penetration of high-latitude electric fields into low latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(81)90105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
33
|
Vickrey JF, Vondrak RR, Matthews SJ. The diurnal and latitudinal variation of auroral zone ionospheric conductivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia01p00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Holzworth R, Wygant J, Mozer F, Gonzales C, Greenwald R, Blanc M, Vickrey J, Kishi A. Global ionospheric electric field measurements in April 1978. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia08p06859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
35
|
Kelley MC, Larsen MF, LaHoz C, McClure JP. Gravity wave initiation of equatorial spread F: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia11p09087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Spiro RW, Harel M, Wolf RA, Reiff PH. Quantitative simulation of a magnetospheric substorm 3. Plasmaspheric electric fields and evolution of the plasmapause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia04p02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Fejer BG, Farley DT, Gonzales CA, Woodman RF, Calderon C. F region east-west drifts at Jicamarca. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia01p00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
38
|
Wand RH, Evans JV. The penetration of convection electric fields to the latitude of Millstone Hill (Λ=56°). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia07p05809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
Fejer B, Farley D, Woodman R, Calderon C. Dependence of equatorialFregion vertical drifts on season and solar cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/ja084ia10p05792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
41
|
Kelley MC, Baker KD, Ulwick JC. Late time barium cloud striations and their possible relationship to equatorial spreadF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/ja084ia05p01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
42
|
Fejer B, Gonzales C, Farley D, Kelley M, Woodman R. Equatorial electric fields during magnetically disturbed conditions 1. The effect of the interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/ja084ia10p05797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|