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Fletcher LN, de Pater I, Orton GS, Hofstadter MD, Irwin PGJ, Roman MT, Toledo D. Ice Giant Circulation Patterns: Implications for Atmospheric Probes. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2020. [PMID: 32165773 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-019-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric circulation patterns derived from multi-spectral remote sensing can serve as a guide for choosing a suitable entry location for a future in situ probe mission to the Ice Giants. Since the Voyager-2 flybys in the 1980s, three decades of observations from ground- and space-based observatories have generated a picture of Ice Giant circulation that is complex, perplexing, and altogether unlike that seen on the Gas Giants. This review seeks to reconcile the various competing circulation patterns from an observational perspective, accounting for spatially-resolved measurements of: zonal albedo contrasts and banded appearances; cloud-tracked zonal winds; temperature and para-H2 measurements above the condensate clouds; and equator-to-pole contrasts in condensable volatiles (methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide) in the deeper troposphere. These observations identify three distinct latitude domains: an equatorial domain of deep upwelling and upper-tropospheric subsidence, potentially bounded by peaks in the retrograde zonal jet and analogous to Jovian cyclonic belts; a mid-latitude transitional domain of upper-tropospheric upwelling, vigorous cloud activity, analogous to Jovian anticyclonic zones; and a polar domain of strong subsidence, volatile depletion, and small-scale (and potentially seasonally-variable) convective activity. Taken together, the multi-wavelength observations suggest a tiered structure of stacked circulation cells (at least two in the troposphere and one in the stratosphere), potentially separated in the vertical by (i) strong molecular weight gradients associated with cloud condensation, and by (ii) transitions from a thermally-direct circulation regime at depth to a wave- and radiative-driven circulation regime at high altitude. The inferred circulation can be tested in the coming decade by 3D numerical simulations of the atmosphere, and by observations from future world-class facilities. The carrier spacecraft for any probe entry mission must ultimately carry a suite of remote-sensing instruments capable of fully constraining the atmospheric motions at the probe descent location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh N Fletcher
- 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Imke de Pater
- 3Department of Astronomy, University of California, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Glenn S Orton
- 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Mark D Hofstadter
- 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Patrick G J Irwin
- 4Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - Michael T Roman
- 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Daniel Toledo
- 4Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
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Wing S, Johnson JR. Theory and observations of upward field-aligned currents at the magnetopause boundary layer. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 42:9149-9155. [PMID: 29056784 PMCID: PMC5647679 DOI: 10.1002/2015gl065464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of the upward field-aligned current density (J‖) at the dayside magnetopause boundary layer is well described by a simple analytic model based on a velocity shear generator. A previous observational survey confirmed that the scaling properties predicted by the analytical model are applicable between 11 and 17 MLT. We utilize the analytic model to predict field-aligned currents using solar wind and ionospheric parameters and compare with direct observations. The calculated and observed parallel currents are in excellent agreement, suggesting that the model may be useful to infer boundary layer structures. However, near noon, where velocity shear is small, the kinetic pressure gradients and thermal currents, which are not included in the model, could make a small but significant contribution to J‖. Excluding data from noon, our least squares fit returns log(J‖,max_cal) = (0.96 ± 0.04) log(J‖_obs) + (0.03 ± 0.01) where J‖,max_cal = calculated J‖,max and J‖_obs = observed J‖.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wing
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay R Johnson
- Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Johnson JR, Wing S. The dependence of the strength and thickness of field-aligned currents on solar wind and ionospheric parameters. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2015; 120:3987-4008. [PMID: 29057194 PMCID: PMC5647790 DOI: 10.1002/2014ja020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sheared plasma flows at the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) correlate well with early afternoon auroral arcs and upward field-aligned currents. We present a simple analytic model that relates solar wind and ionospheric parameters to the strength and thickness of field-aligned currents (Λ) in a region of sheared velocity, such as the LLBL. We compare the predictions of the model with DMSP observations and find remarkably good scaling of the upward region 1 currents with solar wind and ionospheric parameters in region located at the boundary layer or open field lines at 1100-1700 magnetic local time. We demonstrate that [Formula: see text] and Λ ~ L when Λ/L < 5 where L is the auroral electrostatic scale length. The sheared boundary layer thickness (Δ m ) is inferred to be around 3000 km, which appears to have weak dependence on Vsw. J‖ has dependencies on Δ m , Σ p , nsw, and Vsw. The analytic model provides a simple way to organize data and to infer boundary layer structures from ionospheric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Johnson
- Princeton Center for Heliophysics, Princeton University, Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Simon Wing
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
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Forget B, Cerisier JC, Berthelier A, Berthelier JJ. Ionospheric closure of small-scale Birkeland Currents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wahlund JE, Opgenoorth HJ, Häggström I, Winser KJ, Jones GOL. EISCAT observations of topside ionospheric ion outflows during auroral activity: Revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huang CY, Frank LA, Eastman TE. High-altitude observations of an intense inverted V event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia09p07423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moen J, Burke WJ, Sandholt PE. A rotating, midday auroral event with northward interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wei CQ, Lee LC. Coupling of magnetopause-boundary layer to the polar ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de la Beaujardière O, Vondrak R, Heelis R, Hanson W, Hoffman R. Auroral arc electrodynamic parameters measured by AE-C and the Chatanika Radar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia06p04671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weimer DR, Goertz CK, Gurnett DA, Maynard NC, Burch JL. Auroral zone electric fields from DE 1 and 2 at magnetic conjunctions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia08p07479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Belmont G, Fontaine D, Canu P. Are equatorial electron cyclotron waves responsible for diffuse auroral electron precipitation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia11p09163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cornwall JM, Chiu YT. Ion distribution effects of turbulence on a kinetic auroral arc model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia03p01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ray LC, Ergun RE, Delamere PA, Bagenal F. Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling at Jupiter: Effect of field-aligned potentials on angular momentum transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Ray
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. E. Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. A. Delamere
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
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Ergun RE, Ray L, Delamere PA, Bagenal F, Dols V, Su YJ. Generation of parallel electric fields in the Jupiter-Io torus wake region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. Ray
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. A. Delamere
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - V. Dols
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Y.-J. Su
- Department of Physics; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington Texas USA
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Ray LC, Su YJ, Ergun RE, Delamere PA, Bagenal F. Current-voltage relation of a centrifugally confined plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Ray
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Y.-J. Su
- Department of Physics; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington Texas USA
| | - R. E. Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. A. Delamere
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Su YJ, Ergun RE, Bagenal F, Delamere PA. Io-related Jovian auroral arcs: Modeling parallel electric fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jiun Su
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Robert E. Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Fran Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Peter A. Delamere
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Affiliation(s)
- T. W. Hill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
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Shiokawa K, Baumjohann W, Haerendel G, Fukunishi H. High- and low-altitude observations of adiabatic parameters associated with auroral electron acceleration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kinney RM, Coroniti FV, McWilliams JC, Pritchett PL. Mechanisms for discrete auroral arc breakup by nonlinear Alfvén wave interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dors EE, Kletzing CA. Effects of suprathermal tails on auroral electrodynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998ja900135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sharber JR, Frahm RA, Link R, Crowley G, Winningham JD, Gaines EE, Nightingale RW, Chenette DL, Anderson BJ, Gurgiolo CA. UARS particle environment monitor observations during the November 1993 storm: Auroral morphology, spectral characterization, and energy deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Stauning P. Substorm modeling based on observations of an intense high-latitude absorption surge event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja03596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ohtani SI. Earthward expansion of tail current disruption: Dual-satellite study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Frey HU, Haerendel G, Clemmons JH, Boehm MH, Vogt J, Bauer OH, Wallis DD, Blomberg L, Lühr H. Freja and ground-based analysis of inverted-V events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The lights shineth in darkness. Nature 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/381739a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Newell PT, Lyons KM, Meng CI. A large survey of electron acceleration events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja03147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pritchett PL, Coroniti FV. Formation of thin current sheets during plasma sheet convection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lu G, Richmond AD, Emery BA, Reiff PH, de la Beaujardière O, Rich FJ, Denig WF, Kroehl HW, Lyons LR, Ruohoniemi JM, Friis-Christensen E, Opgenoorth H, Persson MAL, Lepping RP, Rodger AS, Hughes T, McEwin A, Dennis S, Morris R, Burns G, Tomlinson L. Interhemispheric asymmetry of the high-latitude ionospheric convection pattern. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tsurutani BT, Gonzalez WD. The causes of geomagnetic storms during solar maximum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94eo00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lynch KA, Arnoldy RL, Kintner PM, Vago JL. Electron distribution function behavior during localized transverse ion acceleration events in the topside auroral zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Drakou E, Sonnerup BUÖ, Lotko W. Self-consistent steady state model of the low-latitude boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tsurutani BT, Gonzalez WD. On the solar and interplanetary causes of geomagnetic storms*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Atkinson G. Mechanism by which merging at X lines causes discrete auroral arcs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Newell PT, Burke WJ, Meng CI, Sanchez ER, Greenspan ME. Identification and observations of the plasma mantle at low altitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Weber EJ, Vickrey JF, Gallagher H, Weiss L, Heinselman CJ, Heelis RA, Kelley MC. Coordinated radar and optical measurements of stable auroral arcs at the polar cap boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lu G, Reiff PH, Burch JL, Winningham JD. On the auroral current-voltage relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhu L, Schunk RW, Sojka JJ. Field-aligned current associated with a distorted two-cell convection pattern during northward interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Siscoe GL, Lotko W, Sonnerup BUÖ. A high-latitude, low-latitude boundary layer model of the convection current system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lotko W, Shen MM. On large-scale rotational motions and energetics of auroral shear layers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Thelin B, Aparicio B, Lundin R. Observations of upflowing ionospheric ions in the mid-altitude cusp/cleft region with the Viking satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia05p05931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shiokawa K, Fukunishi H, Yamagishi H, Miyaoka H, Fujii R, Tohyama F. Rocket observation of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes in quiet and active arcs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia07p10679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Haerendel G. Field-aligned currents in the Earth's magnetosphere. PHYSICS OF MAGNETIC FLUX ROPES 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/gm058p0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mauk BH. Generation of macroscopic magnetic-field-aligned electric fields by the convection surge ion acceleration mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia07p08911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tsunoda RT, Livingston RC, Vickrey JF, Heelis RA, Hanson WB, Rich FJ, Bythrow PF. Dayside observations of thermal-ion upwellings at 800-km Altitude: An ionospheric signature of the cleft ion fountain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia11p15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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