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Ground-Based GNSS and Satellite Observations of Auroral Ionospheric Irregularities during Geomagnetic Disturbances in August 2018. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21227749. [PMID: 34833828 PMCID: PMC8624907 DOI: 10.3390/s21227749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The 25-26 August 2018 space weather event occurred during the solar minimum period and surprisingly became the third largest geomagnetic storm of the entire 24th solar cycle. We analyzed the ionospheric response at high latitudes of both hemispheres using multi-site ground-based GNSS observations and measurements onboard Swarm and DMSP satellites. With the storm development, the zones of intense ionospheric irregularities of auroral origin largely expanded in size and moved equatorward towards midlatitudes as far as ~55-60° magnetic latitude (MLAT) in the American, European, and Australian longitudinal sectors. The main ionospheric trough, associated with the equatorward side of the auroral oval, shifted as far equatorward as 45-50° MLAT at both hemispheres. The interhemispheric comparison revealed a high degree of similarity in a large expansion of the auroral irregularities oval towards midlatitudes, in addition to asymmetrical differences in terms of larger intensity of plasma density gradients and structures over the Southern auroral and polar cap regions. Evolution of the intense ionospheric irregularities and equatorward expansion of the auroral irregularities oval were well correlated with increases of geomagnetic activity and peaks of the auroral electrojet index.
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Abstract
In the last few decades, solar activity has been diminishing, and so space weather studies need to be revisited with more attention. The physical processes involved in dealing with various space weather parameters have presented a challenge to the scientific community, with a threat of having a serious impact on modern society and humankind. In the present paper, we have reviewed various aspects of space weather and its present understanding. The Sun and the Earth are the two major elements of space weather, so the solar and the terrestrial perspectives are discussed in detail. A variety of space weather effects and their societal as well as anthropogenic aspects are discussed. The impact of space weather on the terrestrial climate is discussed briefly. A few tools (models) to explain the dynamical space environment and its effects, incorporating real-time data for forecasting space weather, are also summarized. The physical relation of the Earth’s changing climate with various long-term changes in the space environment have provided clues to the short-term/long-term changes. A summary and some unanswered questions are presented in the final section.
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Guineva V, Despirak I, Werner R, Bojilova R, Raykova L. Mid-latitude effects of “expanded” geomagnetic substorms: a case study. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202125401004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work is to examine the effects of the “expanded” or “high-latitude” substorms at mid-latitudes. These substorms are generated at auroral latitudes and propagate up to geomagnetic latitudes above ∼70° GMLat. They are usually observed during reccurent high-speed streams (HSS) from coronal holes. To identify the substorm activity, data from the networks IMAGE, SuperMAG and INTERMAGNET, and data from the all-sky cameras in Lovozero were used. To verify the interplanetary and geomagnetic conditions, data from the CDAWeb OMNI and from the WDC for geomagnetism at Kyoto were taken. We analyzed one substorm event on 20 February 2017 at ∼18:40 UT, it developed during HSS, in non-storm conditions. Some features of mid-latitude positive bays (MPB) at the European and Asian stations, and in particular at the Scandinavian meridian have been studied: the bay sign conversion from negative to positive values, the longitudinal and latitudinal extent of the MPB. The central meridian of the substorm was determined.
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Ieda A, Kauristie K, Nishimura Y, Miyashita Y, Frey HU, Juusola L, Whiter D, Nosé M, Fillingim MO, Honary F, Rogers NC, Miyoshi Y, Miura T, Kawashima T, Machida S. Simultaneous observation of auroral substorm onset in Polar satellite global images and ground-based all-sky images. EARTH, PLANETS, AND SPACE : EPS 2018; 70:73. [PMID: 31258378 PMCID: PMC6560699 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-018-0843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Substorm onset has originally been defined as a longitudinally extended sudden auroral brightening (Akasofu initial brightening: AIB) followed a few minutes later by an auroral poleward expansion in ground-based all-sky images (ASIs). In contrast, such clearly marked two-stage development has not been evident in satellite-based global images (GIs). Instead, substorm onsets have been identified as localized sudden brightenings that expand immediately poleward. To resolve these differences, optical substorm onset signatures in GIs and ASIs are compared in this study for a substorm that occurred on December 7, 1999. For this substorm, the Polar satellite ultraviolet global imager was operated with a fixed-filter (170 nm) mode, enabling a higher time resolution (37 s) than usual to resolve the possible two-stage development. These data were compared with 20-s resolution green-line (557.7 nm) ASIs at Muonio in Finland. The ASIs revealed the AIB at 2124:50 UT and the subsequent poleward expansion at 2127:50 UT, whereas the GIs revealed only an onset brightening that started at 2127:49 UT. Thus, the onset in the GIs was delayed relative to the AIB and in fact agreed with the poleward expansion in the ASIs. The fact that the AIB was not evident in the GIs may be attributed to the limited spatial resolution of GIs for thin auroral arc brightenings. The implications of these results for the definition of substorm onset are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Ieda
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | | | - Yukitoshi Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Harald U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | | | - Daniel Whiter
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton UK
| | - Masahito Nosé
- Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Farideh Honary
- Space and Planetary Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster UK
| | - Neil C. Rogers
- Space and Planetary Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster UK
| | - Yoshizumi Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Tsubasa Miura
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawashima
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Shinobu Machida
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
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He H, Shen C, Wang H, Zhang X, Chen B, Yan J, Zou Y, Jorgensen AM, He F, Yan Y, Zhu X, Huang Y, Xu R. Response of plasmaspheric configuration to substorms revealed by Chang'e 3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32362. [PMID: 27576944 PMCID: PMC5006020 DOI: 10.1038/srep32362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Moon-based Extreme Ultraviolet Camera (EUVC) of the Chang'e 3 mission provides a global and instantaneous meridian view (side view) of the Earth's plasmasphere. The plasmasphere is one inner component of the whole magnetosphere, and the configuration of the plasmasphere is sensitive to magnetospheric activity (storms and substorms). However, the response of the plasmaspheric configuration to substorms is only partially understood, and the EUVC observations provide a good opportunity to investigate this issue. By reconstructing the global plasmaspheric configuration based on the EUVC images observed during 20-22 April 2014, we show that in the observing period, the plasmasphere had three bulges which were located at different geomagnetic longitudes. The inferred midnight transit times of the three bulges, using the rotation rate of the Earth, coincide with the expansion phase of three substorms, which implies a causal relationship between the substorms and the formation of the three bulges on the plasmasphere. Instead of leading to plasmaspheric erosion as geomagnetic storms do, substorms initiated on the nightside of the Earth cause local inflation of the plasmasphere in the midnight region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han He
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Shen
- School of Natural Sciences and Humanity, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather and National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Yan
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongliao Zou
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anders M. Jorgensen
- Electrical Engineering Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, USA
| | - Fei He
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Yan
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhu
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Solar Activity, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather and National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ronglan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather and National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Extended Consideration of a Synthesis Model for Magnetospheric Substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm064p0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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7
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Plasma Transport in the Earth's Magnetotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm062p0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Farrugia CJ, Freeman MP, Burlaga LF, Lepping RP, Takahashi K. The Earth's magnetosphere under continued forcing: Substorm activity during the passage of an interplanetary magnetic cloud. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Baker DN, Pulkkinen TI, McPherron RL, Craven JD, Frank LA, Elphinstone RD, Murphree JS, Fennell JF, Lopez RE, Nagai T. CDAW 9 analysis of magnetospheric events on May 3, 1986: Event C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Nakamura R, Oguti T, Yamamoto T, Kokubun S. Equatorward and poleward expansion of the auroras during auroral substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angelopoulos V, McFadden JP, Larson D, Carlson CW, Mende SB, Frey H, Phan T, Sibeck DG, Glassmeier KH, Auster U, Donovan E, Mann IR, Rae IJ, Russell CT, Runov A, Zhou XZ, Kepko L. Tail reconnection triggering substorm onset. Science 2008; 321:931-5. [PMID: 18653845 DOI: 10.1126/science.1160495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Magnetospheric substorms explosively release solar wind energy previously stored in Earth's magnetotail, encompassing the entire magnetosphere and producing spectacular auroral displays. It has been unclear whether a substorm is triggered by a disruption of the electrical current flowing across the near-Earth magnetotail, at approximately 10 R(E) (R(E): Earth radius, or 6374 kilometers), or by the process of magnetic reconnection typically seen farther out in the magnetotail, at approximately 20 to 30 R(E). We report on simultaneous measurements in the magnetotail at multiple distances, at the time of substorm onset. Reconnection was observed at 20 R(E), at least 1.5 minutes before auroral intensification, at least 2 minutes before substorm expansion, and about 3 minutes before near-Earth current disruption. These results demonstrate that substorms are likely initiated by tail reconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics/ESS, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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13
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Uozumi T. Propagation characteristics of Pi 2 magnetic pulsations observed at ground high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja009898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Tanskanen E. Substorm energy budget during low and high solar activity: 1997 and 1999 compared. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja900153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Frank LA, Paterson WR, Sigwarth JB, Mukai T. Observations of plasma sheet dynamics earthward of the onset region with the Geotail spacecraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Sergeev VA, Kubyshkina MV, Liou K, Newell PT, Parks G, Nakamura R, Mukai T. Substorm and convection bay compared: Auroral and magnetotail dynamics during convection bay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja900087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Liou K, Newell PT, Sibeck DG, Meng CI, Brittnacher M, Parks G. Observation of IMF and seasonal effects in the location of auroral substorm onset. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Frank LA, Sigwarth JB, Paterson WR, Kokubun S. Two encounters of the substorm onset region with the Geotail spacecraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja003040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Carbary JF, Liou K, Lui ATY, Newell PT, Meng CI. “Blob” analysis of auroral substorm dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Frank LA, Paterson WR, Sigwarth JB, Kokubun S. Observations of magnetic field dipolarization during auroral substorm onset. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Liou K, Meng CI, Newell PT, Takahashi K, Ohtani SI, Lui ATY, Brittnacher M, Parks G. Evaluation of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations as indicators of substorm onset using Polar ultraviolet imagery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Liou K, Meng CI, Lui TY, Newell PT, Brittnacher M, Parks G, Reeves GD, Anderson RR, Yumoto K. On relative timing in substorm onset signatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Aikio AT, Sergeev VA, Shukhtina MA, Vagina LI, Angelopoulos V, Reeves GD. Characteristics of pseudobreakups and substorms observed in the ionosphere, at the geosynchronous orbit, and in the midtail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Øieroset M, Yamauchi M, Liszka L, Christon SP, Hultqvist B. A statistical study of ion beams and conics from the dayside ionosphere during different phases of a substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998ja900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Knipp DJ, Emery BA, Engebretson M, Li X, McAllister AH, Mukai T, Kokubun S, Reeves GD, Evans D, Obara T, Pi X, Rosenberg T, Weatherwax A, McHarg MG, Chun F, Mosely K, Codrescu M, Lanzerotti L, Rich FJ, Sharber J, Wilkinson P. An overview of the early November 1993 geomagnetic storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Sergeev VA, Kamide Y, Kokubun S, Nakamura R, Deehr CS, Hughes TJ, Lepping RP, Mukai T, Petrukovich AA, Shue JH, Shiokawa K, Troshichev OA, Yumoto K. Short-duration convection bays and localized interplanetary magnetic field structures on November 28, 1995. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Fairfield DH, Mukai T, Lui ATY, Cattell CA, Reeves GD, Nagai T, Rostoker G, Singer HJ, Kaiser ML, Kokubun S, Lazarus AJ, Lepping RP, Nakamura M, Steinberg JT, Tsuruda K, Williams DJ, Yamamoto T. Geotail observations of substorm onset in the inner magnetotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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The Main Onset of a Magnetospheric Substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4798-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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29
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Lewis RV, Freeman MP, Rodger AS, Watanabe M, Greenwald RA. The behavior of the electric field within the substorm current wedge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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McPherron RL. The role of substorms in the generation of magnetic storms. MAGNETIC STORMS 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/gm098p0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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31
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Kamide Y, Kokubun S. Two-component auroral electrojet: Importance for substorm studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Sergeev VA, Pulkkinen TI, Pellinen RJ. Coupled-mode scenario for the magnetospheric dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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34
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Sergeev VA, Vagina LI, Elphinstone RD, Murphree JS, Hearn DJ, Cogger LL, Johnson ML. Comparison of UV optical signatures with the substorm current wedge as predicted by an inversion algorithm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Kamide Y, Sun W, Akasofu SI. The average ionospheric electrodynamics for the different substorm phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja02990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Calvert W. An explanation for auroral structure and the triggering of auroral kilometric radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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de la Beaujardière O, Lyons LR, Ruohoniemi JM, Friis-Christensen E, Danielsen C, Rich FJ, Newell PT. Quiet-time intensifications along the poleward auroral boundary near midnight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Nakamura R, Baker DN, Yamamoto T, Belian RD, Bering EA, Benbrook JR, Theall JR. Particle and field signatures during pseudobreakup and major expansion onset. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Yeoman TK, Freeman MP, Reeves GD, Lester M, Orr D. A comparison of midlatitude Pi 2 pulsations and geostationary orbit particle injections as substorm indicators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Gonzalez WD, Joselyn JA, Kamide Y, Kroehl HW, Rostoker G, Tsurutani BT, Vasyliunas VM. What is a geomagnetic storm? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1470] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Murphree J, Elphinstone R, Henderson M, Cogger L, Hearn D. Interpretation of optical substorm onset observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(93)90044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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43
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44
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Ullaland S, Kremser G, Tanskanen P, Korth A, Roux A, Torkar K, Block LP, Iversen IB. On the development of a magnetospheric substorm influenced by a storm sudden commencement: Ground, balloon, and satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Freeman MP, Southwood DJ, Lester M, Yeoman TK, Reeves GD. Substorm-associated radar auroral surges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Lui ATY, Lopez RE, Anderson BJ, Takahashi K, Zanetti LJ, McEntire RW, Potemra TA, Klumpar DM, Greene EM, Strangeway R. Current disruptions in the near-Earth neutral sheet region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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