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Simms LE, Ganushkina NY, van de Kamp M, Liemohn MW, Dubyagin S. Using ARMAX Models to Determine the Drivers of 40-150 keV GOES Electron Fluxes. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2022JA030538. [PMID: 36245709 PMCID: PMC9539492 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the drivers of 40-150 keV hourly electron flux at geostationary orbit (GOES 13) using autoregressive moving average transfer functions (ARMAX) multiple regression models which remove the confounding effect of diurnal cyclicity and allow assessment of each parameter independently. By taking logs of the variables, we create nonlinear models. While many factors show high correlation with flux in single variable analysis (substorms, ULF waves, solar wind velocity (V), pressure (P), number density (N) and electric field (E y ), IMF Bz, Kp, and SymH), ARMAX models show substorms are the dominant influence at 40-75 keV and over 20-12 MLT, with little difference seen between disturbed and quiet periods. The Ey influence is positive post-midnight, negative post-noon. Pressure shows a negative influence, strongest at 150 keV. ULF waves are a more modest influence than suggested by single variable correlation. Kp and SymH show little effect when other variables are included. Using path analysis, we calculate the summed direct and indirect influences through the driving of intermediate parameters. Pressure shows a summed direct and indirect influence nearly half that of the direct substorm effect. N, V, and B z , as indirect drivers, are equally influential. While simple correlation or neural networks can be used for flux prediction, neither can effectively identify drivers. Instead, consideration of physical influences, removing cycles that artificially inflate correlations, and controlling the effects of other parameters gives a clearer picture of which are most influential in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Simms
- University of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of PhysicsAugsburg UniversityMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - N. Yu. Ganushkina
- University of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - S. Dubyagin
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
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Chen MW, Lemon CL, Hecht J, Sazykin S, Wolf RA, Boyd A, Valek P. Diffuse Auroral Electron and Ion Precipitation Effects on RCM-E Comparisons With Satellite Data During the 17 March 2013 Storm. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2019; 124:4194-4216. [PMID: 33959470 PMCID: PMC8097924 DOI: 10.1029/2019ja026545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effects of scattering of electrons from whistler chorus waves and of ions due to field line curvature on diffuse precipitating particle fluxes and ionospheric conductance during the large 17 March 2013 storm are examined using the self-consistent Rice Convection Model Equilibrium (RCM-E) model. Electrons are found to dominate the diffuse precipitating particle integrated energy flux, with large fluxes from ~21:00 magnetic local time (MLT) eastward to ~11:00 MLT during the storm main phase. Simulated proton and oxygen ion precipitation due to field line curvature scattering is sporadic and localized, occurring where model magnetic field lines are significantly stretched on the night side at equatorial geocentric radial distances r 0 ≳8 R E and/or at r 0 ~5.5 to 6.5 R E from dusk to midnight where the partial ring current field has perturbed the magnetic field. The precipitating protons likewise contribute sporadically to the storm time Hall and Pedersen conductance in localized regions whereas the precipitating electrons are the dominate storm time contributor to enhanced Hall and Pedersen conductance at auroral magnetic latitudes on the night and morning side. The RCM-E model can reproduce general features of the Van Allen Probe/MagEIS observed trapped electron differential flux spectrograms over energies of ~37 to 150 keV. The simulations with a parameterized electron loss model also reproduce reasonably well the storm time Defense Meteorological Satellite Program integrated electron energy flux at 850 km at satellite crossings from predawn to midmorning. However, model-data agreement is not as good from dusk to premidnight where there are large uncertainties in the electron loss model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Hecht
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - Stanislav Sazykin
- Rice University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Wolf
- Rice University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Philip Valek
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Weygand J, Wing S. Comparison of DMSP and SECS region-1 and region-2 ionospheric current boundary. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS 2016; 143-144:8-13. [PMID: 29056861 PMCID: PMC5647655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The region-1 and region-2 boundary has traditionally been identified using data from a single spacecraft crossing the auroral region and measuring the large scale changes in the cross track magnetic field. With data from the AUTUMN, CANMOS, CARISMA, GIMA, DTU MGS, MACCS, McMAC, STEP, THEMIS, and USGS ground magnetometer arrays we applied a state-of-art technique based on spherical elementary current system (SECS) method developed by Amm and Viljanen (1999) in order to calculate maps of region-1 and region-2 current system over the North American and Greenland auroral region. Spherical elementary current (SEC) amplitude (proxy for vertical currents) maps can be inferred at 10 s temporal resolution, ~1.5° geographic latitude (Glat), and 3.5° geographic longitude (Glon) spatial resolution. We compare the location of the region-1 and region-2 boundary obtained by the DMSP spacecraft with the region-1 and region-2 boundary observed in the SEC current amplitudes. We find that the boundaries typically agree within 0.2° ± 1.3°. These results indicate that the location of the region-1 and region-2 boundary can reasonably be determined from ground magnetometer data. The SECS maps represent a value-added product from the magnetometer database and can be used for contextual interpretation in conjunction with other missions as well as help with our understanding of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling mechanisms using the ground arrays and the magnetospheric spacecraft data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Weygand
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S. Wing
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
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Crooker NU, Luhmann JG, Spreiter JR, Stahara SS. Magnetopause merging site asymmetries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia01p00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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De Zeeuw DL. Coupling of a global MHD code and an inner magnetospheric model: Initial results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Foster JC, Vo HB. Average characteristics and activity dependence of the subauroral polarization stream. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Foster
- Haystack Observatory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Westford Massachusetts USA
| | - H. B. Vo
- Haystack Observatory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Westford Massachusetts USA
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Burke WJ, Rubin AG, Maynard NC, Gentile LC, Sultan PJ, Rich FJ, de La Beaujardière O, Huang CY, Wilson GR. Ionospheric disturbances observed by DMSP at middle to low latitudes during the magnetic storm of June 4-6, 1991. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Burke WJ, Maynard NC, Hagan MP, Wolf RA, Wilson GR, Gentile LC, Gussenhoven MS, Huang CY, Garner TW, Rich FJ. Electrodynamics of the inner magnetosphere observed in the dusk sector by CRRES and DMSP during the magnetic storm of June 4-6, 1991. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rowland DE, Wygant JR. Dependence of the large-scale, inner magnetospheric electric field on geomagnetic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Magnetic storms: Current understanding and outstanding questions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/gm098p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lu G, Emery BA, Rodger AS, Lester M, Taylor JR, Evans DS, Ruohoniemi JM, Denig WF, de la Beaujardière O, Frahm RA, Winningham JD, Chenette DL. High-latitude ionospheric electrodynamics as determined by the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics procedure for the conjunctive SUNDIAL/ATLAS 1/GEM period of March 28-29, 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Peymirat C, Fontaine D. Numerical simulation of magnetospheric convection including the effect of field-aligned currents and electron precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pellinen R. How does magnetospheric convection relate to the expansion onset of substorms? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(93)90042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Okada T, Hayakawa H, Tsuruda K, Nishida A, Matsuoka A. EXOS D observations of enhanced electric fields during the Giant Magnetic Storm in March 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The role of ion drift in the formation of ionisation troughs in the mid- and high-latitude ionosphere—a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(92)90082-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Anderson PC, Heelis RA, Hanson WB. The ionospheric signatures of rapid subauroral ion drifts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kistler LM, Ipavich FM, Hamilton DC, Gloeckler G, Wilken B, Kremser G, Stüdemann W. Energy spectra of the major ion species in the ring current during geomagnetic storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia04p03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Newell PT, Meng CI. Energy dependence of the equatorward cutoffs in auroral electron and ion precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia07p07519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hardy DA, Gussenhoven MS, Raistrick R, McNeil WJ. Statistical and functional representations of the pattern of auroral energy flux, number flux, and conductivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia11p12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roble RG, Forbes JM, Marcos FA. Thermospheric dynamics during the March 22, 1979, magnetic storm: 1. Model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia06p06045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kan JR, Sun W. Simulation of the westward traveling surge and Pi 2 pulsations during substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia11p10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baumjohann W, Haerendel G. Magnetospheric convection observed between 0600 and 2100 LT: Solar wind and IMF dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia07p06370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Greenspan ME, Williams DJ, Mauk BH, Meng CI. Ion and electron energy dispersion features detected by ISEE 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia05p04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reiff PH, Spiro RW, Wolf RA, Kamide Y, King JH. Comparison of polar cap potential drops estimated from solar wind and ground magnetometer data: CDAW 6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia02p01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fontaine D, Blanc M, Reinhart L, Glowinski R. Numerical simulations of the magnetospheric convection including the effects of electron precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia09p08343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee LC, Fu ZF, Akasofu SI. A simulation study of forced reconnection processes and magnetospheric storms and substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia11p10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Electrodynamics of convection in the inner magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/gm028p0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Models of auroral-zone conductances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/gm028p0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Barbosa DD. Fourier analysis of polar cap electric field and current distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia02p00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Estimation of electric fields and currents from ground-based magnetometer data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/gm028p0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Yasuhara F, Greenwald R, Akasofu SI. On the rotation of the polar cap potential pattern and associated polar phenomena. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia07p05773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clauer CR, McPherron RL, Searls C. Solar wind control of the low-latitude asymmetric magnetic disturbance field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia03p02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mauk BH, Meng CI. Dynamical injections as the source of near geostationary quiet time particle spatial boundaries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia12p10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Strangeway RJ, Johnson RG. Mass composition of substorm-related energetic ion dispersion events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia03p02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wolf RA, Kamide Y. Inferring electric fields and currents from ground magnetometer data: A test with theoretically derived inputs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia10p08129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mauk BH, Meng CI. Characterization of geostationary particle signatures based on the ‘Injection Boundary’ Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia04p03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Relations between the Birkeland currents, the auroral electrojet indices and high latitude Joule heating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(82)90009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Karty JL, Chen CK, Wolf RA, Harel M, Spiro RW. Modeling of high-latitude currents in a substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia02p00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wolf RA, Harel M, Spiro RW, Voigt GH, Reiff PH, Chen CK. Computer simulation of inner magnetospheric dynamics for the magnetic storm of July 29, 1977. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia08p05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen CK, Wolf RA, Harel M, Karty JL. Theoretical magnetograms based on quantitative simulation of a magnetospheric substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia08p06137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Horwitz JL, Cobb WK, Baugher CR, Chappell CR, Frank LA, Eastman TE, Anderson RR, Shelley EG, Young DT. On the relationship of the plasmapause to the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval and to the inner edge of the plasma sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia11p09059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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