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Kitamura N, Seki K, Keika K, Nishimura Y, Hori T, Hirahara M, Lund EJ, Kistler LM, Strangeway RJ. On the relationship between energy input to the ionosphere and the ion outflow flux under different solar zenith angles. EARTH, PLANETS, AND SPACE : EPS 2021; 73:202. [PMID: 34790028 PMCID: PMC8572202 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-021-01532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ionosphere is one of the important sources for magnetospheric plasma, particularly for heavy ions with low charge states. We investigate the effect of solar illumination on the number flux of ion outflow using data obtained by the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) satellite at 3000-4150 km altitude from 7 January 1998 to 5 February 1999. We derive empirical formulas between energy inputs and outflowing ion number fluxes for various solar zenith angle ranges. We found that the outflowing ion number flux under sunlit conditions increases more steeply with increasing electron density in the loss cone or with increasing precipitating electron density (> 50 eV), compared to the ion flux under dark conditions. Under ionospheric dark conditions, weak electron precipitation can drive ion outflow with small averaged fluxes (~ 107 cm-2 s-1). The slopes of relations between the Poynting fluxes and outflowing ion number fluxes show no clear dependence on the solar zenith angle. Intense ion outflow events (> 108 cm-2 s-1) occur mostly under sunlit conditions (solar zenith angle < 90°). Thus, it is presumably difficult to drive intense ion outflows under dark conditions, because of a lack of the solar illumination (low ionospheric density and/or small scale height owing to low plasma temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naritoshi Kitamura
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Seki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Keika
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Nishimura
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Tomoaki Hori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masafumi Hirahara
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eric J. Lund
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
- College Brook Scientific, Durham, NH USA
| | - Lynn M. Kistler
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
- Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - Robert J. Strangeway
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Ogasawara K, George DE, Goldstein J, Hwang KJ, Nishimura Y, Ruggles DA, Stange JL. 3DI: A novel ion composition and three-dimensional velocity analyzer for the topside ionosphere. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7967. [PMID: 32409754 PMCID: PMC7224187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new ion composition and three-dimensional velocity analyzer, 3-Dimensional ion velocity and mass Imager (3DI), measures 3D velocity distribution functions (VDFs) for each major ion species in Earth's topside ionosphere. The 3DI instrument is composed of a miniaturized electrostatic analyzer (ESA) and a deflector, backed by a static, magnet-based, mass spectrometer. We have developed a micro-pixel read-out anode technique that significantly saves power in the particle detection system, and integrated it into an imaging microchannel plate (MCP). We tested the ESA and deflector, magnet-based mass spectrometer, and anode in the laboratory to demonstrate the 3DI prototype's performance. We have applied numerical calculations to evaluate and discuss 3DI's performance and dynamic range. Due to complexities associated with imaging 3D distribution functions during fast spacecraft motion, we also discuss the operation strategy for 3DI to capture and resolve the VDF within the field of view. Once applied to flight investigations, the 3DI observations will be extremely useful in identifying ionosphere composition, mass-dependent ion transport such as upflows, and mass-dependent ion heating. Furthermore, the precise measurement of non-thermal plasma VDFs provides information to improve ionospheric environment modeling and ground-based radar observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Don E George
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | - Jerry Goldstein
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA.,The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jason L Stange
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
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Ball L, André M. Heating of O+
ions in the cusp/cleft: double-cyclotron absorption versus cyclotron resonance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Morphology of polar ionospheric O+ ion upflow: FAST observations during quiet time. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wilson GR, Ober DM, Germany GA, Lund EJ. Nightside auroral zone and polar cap ion outflow as a function of substorm size and phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja009835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Wilson
- Mission Research Corporation; Nashua New Hampshire USA
| | - D. M. Ober
- Mission Research Corporation; Nashua New Hampshire USA
| | - G. A. Germany
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - E. J. Lund
- Space Science Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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Kumamoto A. Seasonal and solar cycle variations of the vertical distribution of the occurrence probability of auroral kilometric radiation sources and of upflowing ion events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wilson GR, Ober DM, Germany GA, Lund EJ. The relationship between suprathermal heavy ion outflow and auroral electron energy deposition: Polar/Ultraviolet Imager and Fast Auroral Snapshot/Time-of-Flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrometer observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stevenson BA, Horwitz JL, Germany G, Moore TE, Giles BL, Craven PD, Chandler MO, Su YJ, Parks GK. Polar observations of topside field-aligned O+flows and auroral forms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Peterson WK, Collin HL, Yau AW, Lennartsson OW. Polar/Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph observations of suprathermal ion outflow during solar minimum conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja003006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Norqvist P, André M, Tyrland M. A statistical study of ion energization mechanisms in the auroral region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schunk RW, Sojka JJ. Global ionosphere-polar wind system during changing magnetic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Daglis IA. The role of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling in magnetic storm dynamics. MAGNETIC STORMS 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/gm098p0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Daglis IA, Axford WI. Fast ionospheric response to enhanced activity in geospace: Ion feeding of the inner magnetotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Streltsov A, Lotko W. The fine structure of dispersive, nonradiative field line resonance layers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Peterson WK, Abe T, Fukunishi H, Greffen MJ, Hayakawa H, Kasahara Y, Kimura I, Matsuoka A, Mukai T, Nagatsuma T, Tsuruda K, Whalen BA, Yau AW. On the sources of energization of molecular ions at ionospheric altitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Daglis IA, Livi S, Sarris ET, Wilken B. Energy density of ionospheric and solar wind origin ions in the near-Earth magnetotail during substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miyake W, Mukai T, Kaya N. On the evolution of ion conics along the field line from EXOS D observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Loranc M, Hanson WB, Heelis RA, St.-Maurice JP. A morphological study of vertical ionospheric flows in the high-latitudeFregion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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André M, Crew GB, Peterson WK, Persoon AM, Pollock CJ, Engebretson MJ. Ion heating by broadband low-frequency waves in the cusp/cleft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia12p20809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lennartsson W. Energetic (0.1- to 16-keV/e) magnetospheric ion composition at different levels of solarF10.7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia04p03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Peterson WK, Shelley EG, Boardsen SA, Gurnett DA, Ledley BG, Sugiura M, Moore TE, Waite JH. Transverse ion energization and low-frequency plasma waves in the mid-altitude auroral zone: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia10p11405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Collin HL, Peterson WK, Drake JF, Yau AW. The helium components of energetic terrestrial ion upflows: Their occurrence, morphology, and intensity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia07p07558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reiff PH, Collin HL, Craven JD, Burch JL, Winningham JD, Shelley EG, Frank LA, Friedman MA. Determination of auroral electrostatic potentials using high- and low-altitude particle distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia07p07441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yau AW, Lockwood M. Vertical ion flow in the polar ionosphere. MODELING MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/gm044p0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Yau AW, Peterson WK, Shelley EG. Quantitative parametrization of energetic ionospheric ion outflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/gm044p0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Collin HL, Peterson WK, Shelley EG. Solar cycle variation of some mass dependent characteristics of upflowing beams of terrestrial ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia05p04757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yau AW, Shelley EG, Peterson WK, Lenchyshyn L. Energetic auroral and polar ion outflow at DE 1 altitudes: Magnitude, composition, magnetic activity dependence, and long-term variations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia09p08417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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