1
|
Multifractal Characteristics of Geomagnetic Field Fluctuations for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at Swarm Altitude. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23050558. [PMID: 33946286 PMCID: PMC8146999 DOI: 10.3390/e23050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the spatial variations of the statistical scaling features of low to high latitude geomagnetic field fluctuations at Swarm altitude. The data for this study comes from the vector field magnetometer onboard Swarm A satellite, measured at low resolution (1 Hz) for one year (from 9 March 2016, to 9 March 2017). We estimated the structure-function scaling exponents using the p-leaders discrete wavelet multifractal technique, from which we obtained the singularity spectrum related to the magnetic fluctuations in the North-East-Center (NEC) coordinate system. From this estimation, we retain just the maximal fractal subset, associated with the Hurst exponent H. Here we present thresholding for two levels of the Auroral Electrojet index and almost the whole northern and southern hemispheres, the Hurst exponent, the structure-function scaling exponent of order 2, and the multifractal p-exponent width for the geomagnetic fluctuations. The latter quantifies the relevance of the multifractal property. Sometimes, we found negative values of H, suggesting a behavior similar to wave breaking or shocklet-like propagating front. Furthermore, we found some asymmetries in the magnetic field turbulence between the northern and southern hemispheres. These estimations suggest that different turbulent regimes of the geomagnetic field fluctuations exist along the Swarm path.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fletcher LN, de Pater I, Orton GS, Hofstadter MD, Irwin PGJ, Roman MT, Toledo D. Ice Giant Circulation Patterns: Implications for Atmospheric Probes. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2020. [PMID: 32165773 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-019-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric circulation patterns derived from multi-spectral remote sensing can serve as a guide for choosing a suitable entry location for a future in situ probe mission to the Ice Giants. Since the Voyager-2 flybys in the 1980s, three decades of observations from ground- and space-based observatories have generated a picture of Ice Giant circulation that is complex, perplexing, and altogether unlike that seen on the Gas Giants. This review seeks to reconcile the various competing circulation patterns from an observational perspective, accounting for spatially-resolved measurements of: zonal albedo contrasts and banded appearances; cloud-tracked zonal winds; temperature and para-H2 measurements above the condensate clouds; and equator-to-pole contrasts in condensable volatiles (methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide) in the deeper troposphere. These observations identify three distinct latitude domains: an equatorial domain of deep upwelling and upper-tropospheric subsidence, potentially bounded by peaks in the retrograde zonal jet and analogous to Jovian cyclonic belts; a mid-latitude transitional domain of upper-tropospheric upwelling, vigorous cloud activity, analogous to Jovian anticyclonic zones; and a polar domain of strong subsidence, volatile depletion, and small-scale (and potentially seasonally-variable) convective activity. Taken together, the multi-wavelength observations suggest a tiered structure of stacked circulation cells (at least two in the troposphere and one in the stratosphere), potentially separated in the vertical by (i) strong molecular weight gradients associated with cloud condensation, and by (ii) transitions from a thermally-direct circulation regime at depth to a wave- and radiative-driven circulation regime at high altitude. The inferred circulation can be tested in the coming decade by 3D numerical simulations of the atmosphere, and by observations from future world-class facilities. The carrier spacecraft for any probe entry mission must ultimately carry a suite of remote-sensing instruments capable of fully constraining the atmospheric motions at the probe descent location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh N Fletcher
- 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Imke de Pater
- 3Department of Astronomy, University of California, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Glenn S Orton
- 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Mark D Hofstadter
- 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Patrick G J Irwin
- 4Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - Michael T Roman
- 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Daniel Toledo
- 4Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Forget B, Cerisier JC, Berthelier A, Berthelier JJ. Ionospheric closure of small-scale Birkeland Currents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Weimer DR, Gurnett DA. Large-amplitude auroral electric fields measured with DE 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Alexeev II, Belenkaya ES, Kalegaev VV, Lyutov YG. Electric fields and field-aligned current generation in the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Marklund GT, Blomberg LG. On the influence of localized electric fields and field-aligned currents associated with polar arcs on the global potential distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Abel GA, Freeman MP. A statistical analysis of ionospheric velocity and magnetic field power spectra at the time of pulsed ionospheric flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Abel
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - M. P. Freeman
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Antonova EE, Stepanova MV, Vikhreva EA, Ovchinnikov IL, Teltzov MV. Generation of unmagnetized motion of plasma sheet electrons and its possible causes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Stauning P. Substorm modeling based on observations of an intense high-latitude absorption surge event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja03596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
The lights shineth in darkness. Nature 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/381739a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
On the selection of a coordinate system for high latitude radiation. RADIAT MEAS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/1350-4487(96)00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Streltsov A, Lotko W. Dispersive field line resonances on auroral field lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Matsuoka A, Tsuruda K, Hayakawa H, Mukai T, Nishida A, Okada T, Kaya N, Fukunishi H. Electric field fluctuations and charged particle precipitation in the cusp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Borovsky JE. Double layers do accelerate particles in the auroral zone. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:1054-1056. [PMID: 10047111 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
20
|
Atkinson G. Mechanism by which merging at X lines causes discrete auroral arcs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Lu G, Reiff PH, Burch JL, Winningham JD. On the auroral current-voltage relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Fung SF, Hoffman RA. A search for parallel electric fields by observing secondary electrons and photoelectrons in the low-altitude auroral zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90ja02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Lotko W, Shen MM. On large-scale rotational motions and energetics of auroral shear layers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
24
|
Lundin R, Gustafsson G, Eriksson AI, Marklund G. On the importance of high-altitude low-frequency electric fluctuations for the escape of ionospheric ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia05p05905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Boehm MH, Carlson CW, McFadden JP, Clemmons JH, Mozer FS. High-resolution sounding rocket observations of large-amplitude Alfvén waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia08p12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Basu S, Basu S, MacKenzie E, Fougere PF, Coley WR, Maynard NC, Winningham JD, Sugiura M, Hanson WB, Hoegy WR. Simultaneous density and electric field fluctuation spectra associated with velocity shears in the auroral oval. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia01p00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
27
|
Reiff PH, Collin HL, Craven JD, Burch JL, Winningham JD, Shelley EG, Frank LA, Friedman MA. Determination of auroral electrostatic potentials using high- and low-altitude particle distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia07p07441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
28
|
Lotko W, Sonnerup BUÖ, Lysak RL. Nonsteady boundary layer flow including ionospheric drag and parallel electric fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia08p08635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Weimer DR, Gurnett DA, Goertz CK, Menietti JD, Burch JL, Sugiura M. The current-voltage relationship in auroral current sheets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia01p00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
|