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Kalmoni NME, Rae IJ, Watt CEJ, Murphy KR, Samara M, Michell RG, Grubbs G, Forsyth C. A diagnosis of the plasma waves responsible for the explosive energy release of substorm onset. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4806. [PMID: 30442968 PMCID: PMC6237928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During geomagnetic substorms, stored magnetic and plasma thermal energies are explosively converted into plasma kinetic energy. This rapid reconfiguration of Earth's nightside magnetosphere is manifest in the ionosphere as an auroral display that fills the sky. Progress in understanding of how substorms are initiated is hindered by a lack of quantitative analysis of the single consistent feature of onset; the rapid brightening and structuring of the most equatorward arc in the ionosphere. Here, we exploit state-of-the-art auroral measurements to construct an observational dispersion relation of waves during substorm onset. Further, we use kinetic theory of high-beta plasma to demonstrate that the shear Alfven wave dispersion relation bears remarkable similarity to the auroral dispersion relation. In contrast to prevailing theories of substorm initiation, we demonstrate that auroral beads seen during the majority of substorm onsets are likely the signature of kinetic Alfven waves driven unstable in the high-beta magnetotail.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M E Kalmoni
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, RH5 6NT, UK.
| | - I J Rae
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, RH5 6NT, UK.
| | - C E J Watt
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK.
| | - K R Murphy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA
| | - M Samara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 20771, MD, USA
| | - R G Michell
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 20771, MD, USA
| | - G Grubbs
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 20771, MD, USA
| | - C Forsyth
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, RH5 6NT, UK
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Xiao F, Yang C, Su Z, Zhou Q, He Z, He Y, Baker DN, Spence HE, Funsten HO, Blake JB. Wave-driven butterfly distribution of Van Allen belt relativistic electrons. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8590. [PMID: 26436770 PMCID: PMC4600758 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Van Allen radiation belts consist of relativistic electrons trapped by Earth's magnetic field. Trapped electrons often drift azimuthally around Earth and display a butterfly pitch angle distribution of a minimum at 90° further out than geostationary orbit. This is usually attributed to drift shell splitting resulting from day-night asymmetry in Earth's magnetic field. However, direct observation of a butterfly distribution well inside of geostationary orbit and the origin of this phenomenon have not been provided so far. Here we report high-resolution observation that a unusual butterfly pitch angle distribution of relativistic electrons occurred within 5 Earth radii during the 28 June 2013 geomagnetic storm. Simulation results show that combined acceleration by chorus and magnetosonic waves can successfully explain the electron flux evolution both in the energy and butterfly pitch angle distribution. The current provides a great support for the mechanism of wave-driven butterfly distribution of relativistic electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 2nd Section, South Wanjiali Road #960, Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Chang Yang
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 2nd Section, South Wanjiali Road #960, Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Zhenpeng Su
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 2nd Section, South Wanjiali Road #960, Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Zhaoguo He
- Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yihua He
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 2nd Section, South Wanjiali Road #960, Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - D. N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - H. E. Spence
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA
| | - H. O. Funsten
- ISR Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J. B. Blake
- The Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, California 90245-4609, USA
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Abstract
Earth's proton aurora occurs over a broad MLT region and is produced by the precipitation of low-energy (2–10 keV) plasmasheet protons. Proton precipitation can alter chemical compositions of the atmosphere, linking solar activity with global climate variability. Previous studies proposed that electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves can resonate with protons, producing proton scattering precipitation. A long-outstanding question still remains whether there is another mechanism responsible for the proton aurora. Here, by performing satellite data analysis and diffusion equation calculations, we show that fast magnetosonic waves can produce trapped proton scattering that yields proton aurora. This provides a new insight into the mechanism of proton aurora. Furthermore, a ray-tracing study demonstrates that magnetosonic wave propagates over a broad MLT region, consistent with the global distribution of proton aurora.
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Thorne RM, Horne RB. Modulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability due to interaction with ring current O+during magnetic storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jordanova VK, Kozyra JU, Nagy AF, Khazanov GV. Kinetic model of the ring current‐atmosphere interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scattering by chorus waves as the dominant cause of diffuse auroral precipitation. Nature 2010; 467:943-6. [PMID: 20962841 DOI: 10.1038/nature09467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth's diffuse aurora occurs over a broad latitude range and is primarily caused by the precipitation of low-energy (0.1-30-keV) electrons originating in the central plasma sheet, which is the source region for hot electrons in the nightside outer magnetosphere. Although generally not visible, the diffuse auroral precipitation provides the main source of energy for the high-latitude nightside upper atmosphere, leading to enhanced ionization and chemical changes. Previous theoretical studies have indicated that two distinct classes of magnetospheric plasma wave, electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves and whistler-mode chorus waves, could be responsible for the electron scattering that leads to diffuse auroral precipitation, but it has hitherto not been possible to determine which is the more important. Here we report an analysis of satellite wave data and Fokker-Planck diffusion calculations which reveals that scattering by chorus is the dominant cause of the most intense diffuse auroral precipitation. This resolves a long-standing controversy. Furthermore, scattering by chorus can remove most electrons as they drift around Earth's magnetosphere, leading to the development of observed pancake distributions, and can account for the global morphology of the diffuse aurora.
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Chen L, Thorne RM, Jordanova VK, Horne RB. Global simulation of magnetosonic wave instability in the storm time magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lunjin Chen
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Richard M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | | | - Richard B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
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Wang Z, Gurnett DA, Fischer G, Ye SY, Kurth WS, Mitchell DG, Leisner JS, Russell CT. Cassini observations of narrowband radio emissions in Saturn's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - D. A. Gurnett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - G. Fischer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
- Space Research Institute; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Graz Austria
| | - S.-Y. Ye
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - J. S. Leisner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - C. T. Russell
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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Jordanova VK, Thorne RM, Li W, Miyoshi Y. Excitation of whistler mode chorus from global ring current simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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Ye SY, Gurnett DA, Fischer G, Cecconi B, Menietti JD, Kurth WS, Wang Z, Hospodarsky GB, Zarka P, Lecacheux A. Source locations of narrowband radio emissions detected at Saturn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Ye
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City USA
| | - D. A. Gurnett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City USA
| | - G. Fischer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City USA
- Space Research Institute; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Graz Austria
| | | | - J. D. Menietti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City USA
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City USA
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City USA
| | - G. B. Hospodarsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City USA
| | - P. Zarka
- Observatoire de Paris; Meudon France
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Menietti JD, Ye SY, Yoon PH, Santolik O, Rymer AM, Gurnett DA, Coates AJ. Analysis of narrowband emission observed in the Saturn magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Menietti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - S.-Y. Ye
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - P. H. Yoon
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - O. Santolik
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics; Prague Czech Republic
| | - A. M. Rymer
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. A. Gurnett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
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Meredith NP, Horne RB, Glauert SA, Baker DN, Kanekal SG, Albert JM. Relativistic electron loss timescales in the slot region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Richard B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Sarah A. Glauert
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Daniel N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Shrikanth G. Kanekal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Jay M. Albert
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory; Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
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13
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Xiao F, Chen L, Zheng H, Wang S. A parametric ray tracing study of superluminous auroral kilometric radiation wave modes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences; Changsha University of Science and Technology; Changsha China
| | - Lunjin Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huinan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Shui Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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14
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Meredith NP, Horne RB, Glauert SA, Anderson RR. Slot region electron loss timescales due to plasmaspheric hiss and lightning-generated whistlers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Richard B. Horne
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Sarah A. Glauert
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - Roger R. Anderson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
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Horne RB. Diffuse auroral electron scattering by electron cyclotron harmonic and whistler mode waves during an isolated substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Horne RB, Thorne RM. Electron pitch angle diffusion by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves: The origin of pancake distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Abel B, Thorne RM. Electron scattering loss in Earth's inner magnetosphere: 2. Sensitivity to model parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Horne RB, Thorne RM. Wave heating of He+by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the magnetosphere: Heating near the H+-He+bi-ion resonance frequency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kozyra JU, Jordanova VK, Home RB, Thorne RM. Modeling of the contribution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves to stormtime ring current erosion. MAGNETIC STORMS 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/gm098p0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Thorne RM, Horne RB. Whistler absorption and electron heating near the plasmapause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Horne RB, Thorne RM. Convective instabilities of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the outer magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thorne RM, Horne RB. Energy transfer between energetic ring current H+and O+by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Horne RB, Thorne RM. On the preferred source location for the convective amplification of ion cyclotron waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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