1
|
Farquharson JI, Heap MJ, Carbillet L, Baud P. Post-failure deformation mode switching in volcanic rock. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240792. [PMID: 39205996 PMCID: PMC11349444 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Beyond a threshold applied compressive stress, porous rocks typically undergo either dilatant or compactant inelastic deformation and the response of their physical properties to deformation mode is key to mass transport, heat transport and pressure evolution in crustal systems. Transitions in failure modes-involving switches between dilatancy and compaction-have also been observed, but to date have received little attention. Here, we perform a series of targeted mechanical deformation experiments on porous andesites, designed to elucidate complex post-failure deformation behaviour. By investigating a sample suite and effective pressure range that straddles the transition between positive and negative volumetric responses to compression, we show two post-failure critical stress states: a transition from compaction to dilation (C ∗ ' ), and a transition from dilation to compaction, which we termC ' ∗ . We demonstrate that multiple switches in deformation mode can be driven by stress application under conditions relevant to the shallow crust. While the effect on fluid flow properties of compaction-to-dilation switching may be masked by a net reduction in sample porosity, samples that underwent dilatant-to-compactant failure mode switching exhibited an increase in permeability of approximately two orders of magnitude, despite only slight net volumetric change. Such a substantial permeability enhancement underscores the importance of post-failure deformation in influencing solute and heat transfer in the crust, and the generation of supra-hydrostatic fluid pressures in volcanic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie I. Farquharson
- Institute for Research Administration, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata950-2181, Japan
- Research Institute for Natural Hazards and Disaster Recovery, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata950-2181, Japan
| | - Michael J. Heap
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, UMR 7063, 5 rue Descartes, StrasbourgF-67084, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Lucille Carbillet
- Laboratory of Experimental Rock Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Baud
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, UMR 7063, 5 rue Descartes, StrasbourgF-67084, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heap MJ, Farquharson JI, Baud P, Lavallée Y, Reuschlé T. Fracture and compaction of andesite in a volcanic edifice. BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY 2015; 77:55. [PMID: 26321781 PMCID: PMC4551152 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-015-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The failure mode of lava-dilatant or compactant-depends on the physical attributes of the lava, primarily the porosity and pore size, and the conditions under which it deforms. The failure mode for edifice host rock has attendant implications for the structural stability of the edifice and the efficiency of the sidewall outgassing of the volcanic conduit. In this contribution, we present a systematic experimental study on the failure mode of edifice-forming andesitic rocks (porosity from 7 to 25 %) from Volcán de Colima, Mexico. The experiments show that, at shallow depths (<1 km), both low- and high-porosity lavas dilate and fail by shear fracturing. However, deeper in the edifice (>1 km), while low-porosity (<10 %) lava remains dilatant, the failure of high-porosity lava is compactant and driven by cataclastic pore collapse. Although inelastic compaction is typically characterised by the absence of strain localisation, we observe compactive localisation features in our porous andesite lavas manifest as subplanar surfaces of collapsed pores. In terms of volcano stability, faulting in the upper edifice could destabilise the volcano, leading to an increased risk of flank or large-scale dome collapse, while compactant deformation deeper in the edifice may emerge as a viable mechanism driving volcano subsidence, spreading and destabilisation. The failure mode influences the evolution of rock physical properties: permeability measurements demonstrate that a throughgoing tensile fracture increases sample permeability (i.e. equivalent permeability) by about a factor of two, and that inelastic compaction to an axial strain of 4.5 % reduces sample permeability by an order of magnitude. The implication of these data is that sidewall outgassing may therefore be efficient in the shallow edifice, where rock can fracture, but may be impeded deeper in the edifice due to compaction. The explosive potential of a volcano may therefore be subject to increase over time if the progressive compaction and permeability reduction in the lower edifice cannot be offset by the formation of permeable fracture pathways in the upper edifice. The mode of failure of the edifice host rock is therefore likely to be an important factor controlling lateral outgassing and thus eruption style (effusive versus explosive) at stratovolcanoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Heap
- />Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - J. I. Farquharson
- />Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - P. Baud
- />Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Y. Lavallée
- />Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP UK
| | - T. Reuschlé
- />Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Grady DE, Hollenbach RE, Schuler KW, Callender JF. Strain rate dependence in dolomite inferred from impact and static compression studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb082i008p01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Schock RN, Heard HC. Static mechanical properties and shock loading response of granite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb079i011p01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
6
|
Hirth G, Tullis J. The brittle-plastic transition in experimentally deformed quartz aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Rutter EH, Neumann DHK. Experimental deformation of partially molten Westerly granite under fluid-absent conditions, with implications for the extraction of granitic magmas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb03388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Dautriat J, Gland N, Dimanov A, Raphanel J. Hydromechanical behavior of heterogeneous carbonate rock under proportional triaxial loadings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Vajdova V, Baud P, Wong TF. Compaction, dilatancy, and failure in porous carbonate rocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vajdova
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Patrick Baud
- Institut de Physique du Globe; Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (CNRS/ULP); Strasbourg France
| | - Teng-fong Wong
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Toussaint R, Pride SR. Fracture of disordered solids in compression as a critical phenomenon. III. Analysis of the localization transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:036137. [PMID: 12366214 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.036137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2001] [Revised: 06/13/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the Hamiltonian developed in Paper II are studied showing that at a particular strain level a "localization" phase transition occurs characterized by the emergence of conjugate bands of coherently oriented cracks. The functional integration that yields the partition function is then performed analytically using an approximation that employs only a subset of states in the functional neighborhood surrounding the most probable states. Such integration establishes the free energy of the system, and upon taking the derivatives of the free energy, the localization transition is shown to be continuous and to be distinct from peak stress. When the bulk modulus of the grain material is large, localization always occurs in the softening regime following peak stress, while for sufficiently small bulk moduli and at sufficiently low confining pressure, the localization occurs in the hardening regime prior to peak stress. In the approach to localization, the stress-strain relation for the whole rock remains analytic, as is observed both in experimental data and in simpler models. The correlation function of the crack fields is also obtained. It has a correlation length characterizing the aspect ratio of the crack clusters that diverges as xi approximately ( epsilon (c)- epsilon )(-2) at localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Toussaint
- Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baud P, Schubnel A, Wong TF. Dilatancy, compaction, and failure mode in Solnhofen limestone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Chang C, Haimson B. True triaxial strength and deformability of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) deep hole amphibolite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
14
|
Wong TF, David C, Zhu W. The transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow in porous sandstones: Mechanical deformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Scott TE, Nielsen KC. The effects of porosity on the brittle-ductile transition in sandstones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jb02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
Zhang J, Wong TF, Davis DM. Micromechanics of pressure-induced grain crushing in porous rocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib01p00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
17
|
Evans B, Fredrich JT, Wong TF. The brittle-ductile transition in rocks: Recent experimental and theoretical progress. THE BRITTLE‐DUCTILE TRANSITION IN ROCKS 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/gm056p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
18
|
Santarelli F, Brown E. Failure of three sedimentary rocks in triaxial and hollow cylinder compression tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0148-9062(89)90936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Hirth G, Tullis J. The effects of pressure and porosity on the micromechanics of the brittle-ductile transition in quartzite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib12p17825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
20
|
Raleigh B, Marone C. Dilatancy of quartz gouge in pure shear. MINERAL AND ROCK DEFORMATION: LABORATORY STUDIES 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/gm036p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
21
|
Schock RN, Louis H. Strain behavior of a granite and a Graywacke sandstone in tension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib09p07817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Trimmer D, Bonner B, Heard HC, Duba A. Effect of pressure and stress on water transport in intact and fractured gabbro and granite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1029/jb085ib12p07059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
|