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Mazur R, Beczek M, Janiszewski J, Koperski W, Polakowski C, Fikus B, Sochan A, Woźniak R, Goździk D, Ryżak M, Bańda M, Bieganowski A. Experimental investigations of crater formation as a result of high-velocity impacts on sand bed. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265546. [PMID: 35333882 PMCID: PMC8956193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of craters is an important issue in the investigations of the surface of the earth and other planets. The aim of the study was to check whether the different textures of sand beds affect the size and dynamics of the formation of craters and ejection curtain after high-velocity impacts. The experiments were conducted using an aluminium impactor at two impact speeds (~700 and ~1300 m∙s-1) and a sand bed composed of either a broad range of sizes (<2.0 mm) or any of the three fractions obtained from it (<0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2 mm). The diameters, depths, wall slope, and rim heights of the resulting craters were measured. The ejecta curtain was characterized by the inclination angle of walls, base diameter, and expansion velocity. The mass of the transferred material and the depth of the impactor penetration were also determined. Additionally, the results were used to calculate dimensionless parameters commonly considered in crater studies (πV, π2 and α). The texture of the sand most clearly influenced the diameters of the craters, its effect could also be seen in the case of the distance covered by the ejected material. This information appears to be relevant for future research, providing some rationale to help assess in which aspects of the phenomenon the texture may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mazur
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Beczek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacek Janiszewski
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koperski
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Polakowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Fikus
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Sochan
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Woźniak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Goździk
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ryżak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Bańda
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Sabuwala T, Butcher C, Gioia G, Chakraborty P. Ray Systems in Granular Cratering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:264501. [PMID: 30004751 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.264501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In classical experiments of granular cratering, a ball dropped on an evened-out bed of grains ends up within a crater surrounded by a uniform blanket of ejecta. In this Letter, we show that the uniform blanket of ejecta changes to a ray system, or set of radial streaks of ejecta, where the surface of the granular bed includes undulations, a factor that has not been addressed to date. By carrying out numerous experiments and computational simulations thereof, we ascertain that the number of rays in a ray system ∝D/λ, where D is the diameter of the ball and λ is the wavelength of the undulations. Further, we show that the ejecta in a ray system originates in a narrow annulus of diameter D with the center at the site of impact. Our findings may help shed light on the enigmatic ray systems that ring many impact craters on the Moon and other planetary bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Sabuwala
- Continuum Physics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Christian Butcher
- Fluid Mechanics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Gustavo Gioia
- Continuum Physics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Pinaki Chakraborty
- Fluid Mechanics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Takahashi T, Clark AH, Majmudar T, Kondic L. Granular response to impact: Topology of the force networks. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:012906. [PMID: 29448328 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.012906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of an intruder on granular matter leads to the formation of mesoscopic force networks, which were seen particularly clearly in the recent experiments carried out with photoelastic particles [Clark et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 144502 (2015)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.114.144502]. These force networks are characterized by complex structure and evolve on fast time scales. While it is known that total photoelastic activity in the granular system is correlated with the acceleration of the intruder, it is not known how the structure of the force network evolves during impact, and if there are dominant features in the networks that can be used to describe the intruder's dynamics. Here, we use topological tools, in particular persistent homology, to describe these features. Persistent homology allows quantification of both structure and time evolution of the resulting force networks. We find that there is a clear correlation of the intruder's dynamics and some of the topological measures implemented. This finding allows us to discuss which properties of the force networks are most important when attempting to describe the intruder's dynamics. In particular, we find that the presence of loops in the force network, quantified by persistent homology, is strongly correlated to the deceleration of the intruder. In some cases, particularly for the impact on soft particles, the measures derived from the persistence analysis describe the deceleration of the intruder even better than the total photoelastic activity. We are also able to define an upper bound on the relevant time scale over which the force networks evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Abram H Clark
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943, USA
| | - T Majmudar
- Department of Mathematics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - L Kondic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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Sesquinary catenae on the Martian satellite Phobos from reaccretion of escaping ejecta. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12591. [PMID: 27575002 PMCID: PMC5013556 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Martian satellite Phobos is criss-crossed by linear grooves and crater chains whose origin is unexplained. Anomalous grooves are relatively young, and crosscut tidally predicted stress fields as Phobos spirals towards Mars. Here we report strong correspondence between these anomalous features and reaccretion patterns of sesquinary ejecta from impacts on Phobos. Escaping ejecta persistently imprint Phobos with linear, low-velocity crater chains (catenae) that match the geometry and morphology of prominent features that do not fit the tidal model. We prove that these cannot be older than Phobos' current orbit inside Mars' Roche limit. Distinctive reimpact patterns allow sesquinary craters to be traced back to their source, for the first time across any planetary body, creating a novel way to probe planetary surface characteristics. For example, we show that catena-producing craters likely formed in the gravity regime, providing constraints on the ejecta velocity field and knowledge of source crater material properties.
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Birch SPD, Manga M, Delbridge B, Chamberlain M. Penetration of spherical projectiles into wet granular media. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:032208. [PMID: 25314438 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.032208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measure experimentally the penetration depth d of spherical particles into a water-saturated granular medium made of much smaller sand-sized grains. We vary the density, size R, and velocity U of the impacting spheres, and the size δ of the grains in the granular medium. We consider velocities between 7 and 107 m/s, a range not previously addressed, but relevant for impacts produced by volcanic eruptions. We find that d∝R(1/3)δ(1/3)U(2/3). The scaling with velocity is similar to that identified in previous, low-velocity collisions, but it also depends on the size of the grains in the granular medium. We develop a model, consistent with the observed scaling, in which the energy dissipation is dominated by the work required to rearrange grains along a network of force chains in the granular medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P D Birch
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6801, USA and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA
| | - M Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA
| | - B Delbridge
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA
| | - M Chamberlain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA
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Colwell JE, Esposito LW. Origins of the rings of Uranus and Neptune: 2. Initial conditions and ring moon populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93je00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Grieve RAF, Garvin JB. A geometric model for excavation and modification at terrestrial simple impact craters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib13p11561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oberbeck VR, Quaide WL, Arvidson RE, Aggarwal HR. Comparative studies of lunar, Martian, and Mercurian craters and plains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb082i011p01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huffman AR, Brown JM, Carter NL, Reimold WU. The microstructural response of quartz and feldspar under shock loading at variable temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Langevin Y, Arnold JR, Nishiizumi K. Transport processes on the lunar surface: Comparison of model calculations with radionuclides data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib08p06681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gault DE, Guest JE, Murray JB, Dzurisin D, Malin MC. Some comparisons of impact craters on Mercury and the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb080i017p02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stöffler D, Langenhorst F. Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: I. Basic observation and theory*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mittlefehldt DW, See TH, Hörz F. Dissemination and fractionation of projectile materials in the impact melts from Wabar Crater, Saudi Arabia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1992.tb00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Denevi BW, Robinson MS, Solomon SC, Murchie SL, Blewett DT, Domingue DL, McCoy TJ, Ernst CM, Head JW, Watters TR, Chabot NL. The Evolution of Mercury’s Crust: A Global Perspective from MESSENGER. Science 2009; 324:613-8. [PMID: 19407196 DOI: 10.1126/science.1172226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett W. Denevi
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Mark S. Robinson
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85251, USA
| | - Sean C. Solomon
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Scott L. Murchie
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - David T. Blewett
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - Timothy J. McCoy
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Ernst
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - James W. Head
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Thomas R. Watters
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Nancy L. Chabot
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
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Lisse CM, Vancleve J, Adams AC, A'hearn MF, Fernández YR, Farnham TL, Armus L, Grillmair CJ, Ingalls J, Belton MJS, Groussin O, McFadden LA, Meech KJ, Schultz PH, Clark BC, Feaga LM, Sunshine JM. Spitzer Spectral Observations of the Deep Impact Ejecta. Science 2006; 313:635-40. [PMID: 16840662 DOI: 10.1126/science.1124694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spitzer Space Telescope imaging spectrometer observations of comet 9P/Tempel 1 during the Deep Impact encounter returned detailed, highly structured, 5- to 35-micrometer spectra of the ejecta. Emission signatures due to amorphous and crystalline silicates, amorphous carbon, carbonates, phyllosilicates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water gas and ice, and sulfides were found. Good agreement is seen between the ejecta spectra and the material emitted from comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) and the circumstellar material around the young stellar object HD100546. The atomic abundance of the observed material is consistent with solar and C1 chondritic abundances, and the dust-to-gas ratio was determined to be greater than or equal to 1.3. The presence of the observed mix of materials requires efficient methods of annealing amorphous silicates and mixing of high- and low-temperature phases over large distances in the early protosolar nebula.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lisse
- Planetary Exploration Group, Space Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
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Anderson JLB. Asymmetry of ejecta flow during oblique impacts using three-dimensional particle image velocimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wieczorek MA, Zuber MT. A Serenitatis origin for the Imbrian grooves and South Pole-Aitken thorium anomaly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pierazzo E, Melosh HJ. Understanding oblique impacts from experiments, observations, and modeling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES 2000; 28:141-167. [PMID: 11583040 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural impacts in which the projectile strikes the target vertically are virtually nonexistent. Nevertheless, our inherent drive to simplify nature often causes us to suppose most impacts are nearly vertical. Recent theoretical, observational, and experimental work is improving this situation, but even with the current wealth of studies on impact cratering, the effect of impact angle on the final crater is not well understood. Although craters' rims may appear circular down to low impact angles, the distribution of ejecta around the crater is more sensitive to the angle of impact and currently serves as the best guide to obliquity of impacts. Experimental studies established that crater dimensions depend only on the vertical component of the impact velocity. The shock wave generated by the impact weakens with decreasing impact angle. As a result, melting and vaporization depend on impact angle; however, these processes do not seem to depend on the vertical component of the velocity alone. Finally, obliquity influences the fate of the projectile: in particular, the amount and velocity of ricochet are a strong function of impact angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pierazzo
- Lunar and Planetary Lab., University of Arizona, Tucson, 84721, USA.
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Spahn F, Thiessenhusen KU, Colwell JE, Srama R, Grün E. Dynamics of dust ejected from Enceladus: Application to the Cassini dust detector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yingst RA, Head JW. Geology of mare deposits in South Pole-Aitken basin as seen by Clementine UV/VIS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Colwell JE, Horányi M, Grün E. Capture of interplanetary and interstellar dust by the jovian magnetosphere. Science 1998; 280:88-91. [PMID: 9525863 DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5360.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interplanetary and interstellar dust grains entering Jupiter's magnetosphere form a detectable diffuse faint ring of exogenic material. This ring is composed of particles in the size range of 0. 5 to 1.5 micrometers on retrograde and prograde orbits in a 4:1 ratio, with semimajor axes 3 < a < 20 jovian radii, eccentricities 0. 1 < e < 0.3, and inclinations i less, similar 20 degrees or i greater, similar 160 degrees. The size range and the orbital characteristics are consistent with in situ detections of micrometer-sized grains by the Galileo dust detector, and the measured rates match the number densities predicted from numerical trajectory integrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Colwell
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0392, USA.
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Yingst RA, Head JW. Volumes of lunar lava ponds in South Pole-Aitken and Orientale Basins: Implications for eruption conditions, transport mechanisms, and magma source regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Staid MI, Pieters CM, Head JW. Mare Tranquillitatis: Basalt emplacement history and relation to lunar samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96je02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cave JA. Ice in the northern lowlands and southern highlands of Mars and its enrichment beneath the Elysium lavas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93je00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wichman RW, Schultz PH. Sequence and mechanisms of deformation around the Hellas and Isidis Impact Basins on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib12p17333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Woronow A. A Monte Carlo study of parameters affecting computer simulations of crater saturation density. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/jb090is02p0c817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Stöffler D, Bischoff A, Borchardt R, Burghele A, Deutsch A, Jessberger EK, Ostertag R, Palme H, Spettel B, Reimold WU, Wacker K, Wänke H. Composition and evolution of the lunar crust in the Descartes Highlands, Apollo 16. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/jb090is02p0c449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pieters CM, Adams JB, Mouginis-Mark PJ, Zisk SH, Smith MO, Head JW, McCord TB. The nature of crater rays: The Copernicus example. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/jb090ib14p12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Housen KR, Schmidt RM, Holsapple KA. Crater ejecta scaling laws: Fundamental forms based on dimensional analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jb088ib03p02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Mizutani H, Kawakami SI, Takagi Y, Kato M, Kumazawa M. Cratering experiments in sands and a trial for general scaling law. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jb088is02p0a835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Croft SK, Kieffer SW, Ahrens TJ. Low-velocity impact craters in ice and ice-saturated sand with implications for Martian crater count ages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib14p08023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Settle M, Head JW. The role of rim slumping in the modification of lunar impact craters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib06p03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Floran RJ, Grieve RAF, Phinney WC, Warner JL, Simonds CH, Blanchard DP, Dence MR. Manicouagan Impact Melt, Quebec, 1, Stratigraphy, petrology, and chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1029/jb083ib06p02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Verteilung, Eigenschaften und Entstehung der Auswurfsmassen des Impaktkraters Nördlinger Ries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01820704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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