1
|
Apestigue V, Gonzalo A, Jiménez JJ, Boland J, Lemmon M, de Mingo JR, García-Menendez E, Rivas J, Azcue J, Bastide L, Andrés-Santiuste N, Martínez-Oter J, González-Guerrero M, Martin-Ortega A, Toledo D, Alvarez-Rios FJ, Serrano F, Martín-Vodopivec B, Manzano J, López Heredero R, Carrasco I, Aparicio S, Carretero Á, MacDonald DR, Moore LB, Alcacera MÁ, Fernández-Viguri JA, Martín I, Yela M, Álvarez M, Manzano P, Martín JA, Del Hoyo JC, Reina M, Urqui R, Rodriguez-Manfredi JA, de la Torre Juárez M, Hernandez C, Cordoba E, Leiter R, Thompson A, Madsen S, Smith MD, Viúdez-Moreiras D, Saiz-Lopez A, Sánchez-Lavega A, Gomez-Martín L, Martínez GM, Gómez-Elvira FJ, Arruego I. Radiation and Dust Sensor for Mars Environmental Dynamic Analyzer Onboard M2020 Rover. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:2907. [PMID: 35458893 PMCID: PMC9029032 DOI: 10.3390/s22082907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars' surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars' surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Apestigue
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Juan J Jiménez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Justin Boland
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Mark Lemmon
- Space Science Institute, 4765 Walnut St, Suite B, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Jose R de Mingo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Rivas
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Joaquín Azcue
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Laurent Bastide
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla St, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel González-Guerrero
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla St, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Toledo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | | | - Felipe Serrano
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | | | - Javier Manzano
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | | | - Isaías Carrasco
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Aparicio
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Ángel Carretero
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Daniel R MacDonald
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Lori B Moore
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | | | - Israel Martín
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Margarita Yela
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Maite Álvarez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Paula Manzano
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla St, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Martín
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Juan C Del Hoyo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Manuel Reina
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Roser Urqui
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla St, 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Rodriguez-Manfredi
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | | | - Christina Hernandez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cordoba
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Robin Leiter
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Art Thompson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Soren Madsen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Daniel Viúdez-Moreiras
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Consejo Supeior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Sánchez-Lavega
- Departamento Física Aplicada I, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad del País Vasco, Alameda Urquijo St, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Laura Gomez-Martín
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Germán M Martínez
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | | | - Ignacio Arruego
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Villanueva GL, Liuzzi G, Crismani MMJ, Aoki S, Vandaele AC, Daerden F, Smith MD, Mumma MJ, Knutsen EW, Neary L, Viscardy S, Thomas IR, Lopez-Valverde MA, Ristic B, Patel MR, Holmes JA, Bellucci G, Lopez-Moreno JJ. Water heavily fractionated as it ascends on Mars as revealed by ExoMars/NOMAD. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/7/eabc8843. [PMID: 33568473 PMCID: PMC7875534 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic ratios and, in particular, the water D/H ratio are powerful tracers of the evolution and transport of water on Mars. From measurements performed with ExoMars/NOMAD, we observe marked and rapid variability of the D/H along altitude on Mars and across the whole planet. The observations (from April 2018 to April 2019) sample a broad range of events on Mars, including a global dust storm, the evolution of water released from the southern polar cap during southern summer, the equinox phases, and a short but intense regional dust storm. In three instances, we observe water at very high altitudes (>80 km), the prime region where water is photodissociated and starts its escape to space. Rayleigh distillation appears the be the driving force affecting the D/H in many cases, yet in some instances, the exchange of water reservoirs with distinctive D/H could be responsible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliano Liuzzi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matteo M J Crismani
- NPP/USRA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- California State University, San Bernardino, Department of Physics, CA USA
| | - Shohei Aoki
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
- University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Daerden
- California State University, San Bernardino, Department of Physics, CA USA
| | | | | | - Elise W Knutsen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lori Neary
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Ian R Thomas
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bojan Ristic
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fischer E, Martínez GM, Rennó NO, Tamppari LK, Zent AP. Relative Humidity on Mars: New Results From the Phoenix TECP Sensor. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2019; 124:2780-2792. [PMID: 32025455 PMCID: PMC6988475 DOI: 10.1029/2019je006080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In situ measurements of relative humidity (RH) on Mars have only been performed by the Phoenix (PHX) and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) missions. Here we present results of our recalibration of the PHX thermal and electrical conductivity probe (TECP) RH sensor. This recalibration was conducted using a TECP engineering model subjected to the full range of environmental conditions at the PHX landing site in the Michigan Mars Environmental Chamber. The experiments focused on the warmest and driest conditions (daytime) because they were not covered in the original calibration (Zent et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003420) and previous recalibration (Zent et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004933). In nighttime conditions, our results are in excellent agreement with the previous 2016 recalibration, while in daytime conditions, our results show larger water vapor pressure values. We obtain vapor pressure values in the range ~0.005-1.4 Pa, while Zent et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004933) obtain values in the range ~0.004-0.4 Pa. Our higher daytime values are in better agreement with independent estimates from the ground by the PHX Surface Stereo Imager instrument and from orbit by Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars. Our results imply larger day-to-night ratios of water vapor pressure at PHX compared to MSL, suggesting a stronger atmosphere-regolith interchange in the Martian arctic than at lower latitudes. Further, they indicate that brine formation at the PHX landing site via deliquescence can be achieved only temporarily between midnight and 6 a.m. on a few sols. The results from our recalibration are important because they shed light on the near-surface humidity environment on Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Fischer
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - G. M. Martínez
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Lunar and Planetary InstituteUniversities Space Research AssociationHoustonTXUSA
| | - N. O. Rennó
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - L. K. Tamppari
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - A. P. Zent
- NASA Ames Research CenterMountain ViewCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The evolution of habitable conditions on Mars is often tied to the existence of aquatic habitats and largely constrained to the first billion years of the planet. Here, we propose an alternate, lasting evolutionary trajectory that assumes the colonization of land habitats before the end of the Hesperian period (ca. 3 billion years ago) at a pace similar to life on Earth. Based on the ecological adaptations to increasing dryness observed in dryland ecosystems on Earth, we reconstruct the most likely sequence of events leading to a late extinction of land communities on Mars. We propose a trend of ecological change with increasing dryness from widespread edaphic communities to localized lithic communities and finally to communities exclusively found in hygroscopic substrates, reflecting the need for organisms to maximize access to atmospheric sources of water. If our thought process is correct, it implies the possibility of life on Mars until relatively recent times, perhaps even the present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso F Davila
- 1 Carl Sagan Center at the SETI Institute , Mountain View, California, USA
- 2 NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- 3 School of the Environment, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington, USA
- 4 Center of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mellon MT, Jakosky BM. Geographic variations in the thermal and diffusive stability of ground ice on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Zent AP, Haberle RM, Houben HC, Jakosky BM. A coupled subsurface-boundary layer model of water on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Christensen PR, Zurek RW. Martian north polar hazes and surface ice: Results from the Viking Survey/Completion Mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib06p04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Maltagliati L, Montmessin F, Fedorova A, Korablev O, Forget F, Bertaux JL. Evidence of Water Vapor in Excess of Saturation in the Atmosphere of Mars. Science 2011; 333:1868-71. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1207957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Maltagliati
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - F. Montmessin
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - A. Fedorova
- Space Research Institute (IKI), 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - O. Korablev
- Space Research Institute (IKI), 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - F. Forget
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), 75252 Paris, France
| | - J.-L. Bertaux
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), 78280 Guyancourt, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tamppari LK, Bass D, Cantor B, Daubar I, Dickinson C, Fisher D, Fujii K, Gunnlauggson HP, Hudson TL, Kass D, Kleinböhl A, Komguem L, Lemmon MT, Mellon M, Moores J, Pankine A, Pathak J, Searls M, Seelos F, Smith MD, Smrekar S, Taylor P, Holstein-Rathlou C, Weng W, Whiteway J, Wolff M. Phoenix and MRO coordinated atmospheric measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Smith MD, Wolff MJ, Clancy RT, Murchie SL. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer observations of water vapor and carbon monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Chiesl TN, Chu WK, Stockton AM, Amashukeli X, Grunthaner F, Mathies RA. Enhanced amine and amino acid analysis using Pacific Blue and the Mars Organic Analyzer microchip capillary electrophoresis system. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2537-44. [PMID: 19245228 DOI: 10.1021/ac8023334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent amine reactive probe Pacific Blue succinimidyl ester (PB) is used for the detection of trace amounts of amines and amino acids by microchip capillary electrophoresis on the Mars Organic Analyzer (MOA). The spectral and chemical properties of PB provide a 200-fold increase in sensitivity and improved resolution compared to fluorescamine derivatization. With the use of cross injection and PB labeling, the MOA detected amino acids at concentrations as low as 75 pM (sub-parts-per-trillion). Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) which separates PB-labeled amino acids by their hydrophobicity is also demonstrated. The optimized MEKC conditions (45 mM CHAPSO, pH 6 at 5 degrees C) effectively separated amines and 25 amino acids with enantiomeric resolution of alanine, serine, and citrulline. Samples from the Yungay Hills region in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and from the Murchison meteorite are successfully analyzed using both techniques, and amino acids are found in the parts-per-billion range. Abiotic amino acids such as beta-alanine and epsilon-aminocaprioc acid are detected along with several neutral and acidic amino acids in the Murchison sample. The Atacama Desert sample is found to contain homochiral L-alanine and L-serine indicating the presence of extant or recently extinct life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Chiesl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zolotov MY, Mironenko MV. Timing of acid weathering on Mars: A kinetic-thermodynamic assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Pelkey SM, Mustard JF, Murchie S, Clancy RT, Wolff M, Smith M, Milliken R, Bibring JP, Gendrin A, Poulet F, Langevin Y, Gondet B. CRISM multispectral summary products: Parameterizing mineral diversity on Mars from reflectance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Pelkey
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - J. F. Mustard
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - S. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | | | - M. Wolff
- Space Science Institute; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - R. Milliken
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | | | - A. Gendrin
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chamberlain MA, Boynton WV. Response of Martian ground ice to orbit-induced climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
McCleese DJ, Schofield JT, Taylor FW, Calcutt SB, Foote MC, Kass DM, Leovy CB, Paige DA, Read PL, Zurek RW. Mars Climate Sounder: An investigation of thermal and water vapor structure, dust and condensate distributions in the atmosphere, and energy balance of the polar regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Murchie S, Arvidson R, Bedini P, Beisser K, Bibring JP, Bishop J, Boldt J, Cavender P, Choo T, Clancy RT, Darlington EH, Des Marais D, Espiritu R, Fort D, Green R, Guinness E, Hayes J, Hash C, Heffernan K, Hemmler J, Heyler G, Humm D, Hutcheson J, Izenberg N, Lee R, Lees J, Lohr D, Malaret E, Martin T, McGovern JA, McGuire P, Morris R, Mustard J, Pelkey S, Rhodes E, Robinson M, Roush T, Schaefer E, Seagrave G, Seelos F, Silverglate P, Slavney S, Smith M, Shyong WJ, Strohbehn K, Taylor H, Thompson P, Tossman B, Wirzburger M, Wolff M. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
18
|
Zurek RW, Smrekar SE. An overview of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) science mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
19
|
Fedorova A, Korablev O, Bertaux JL, Rodin A, Kiselev A, Perrier S. Mars water vapor abundance from SPICAM IR spectrometer: Seasonal and geographic distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Montmessin F, Fouchet T, Forget F. Modeling the annual cycle of HDO in the Martian atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Montmessin
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - T. Fouchet
- LESIA; Observatoire de Paris; Paris France
| | - F. Forget
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; Institut Pierre Simon Laplace; Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Richardson MI, Mischna MA. Long-term evolution of transient liquid water on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark I. Richardson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Michael A. Mischna
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Milliken RE, Mustard JF. Quantifying absolute water content of minerals using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
Montmessin F. Origin and role of water ice clouds in the Martian water cycle as inferred from a general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
Mitrofanov IG, Zuber MT, Litvak ML, Boynton WV, Smith DE, Drake D, Hamara D, Kozyrev AS, Sanin AB, Shinohara C, Saunders RS, Tretyakov V. CO2 snow depth and subsurface water-ice abundance in the northern hemisphere of Mars. Science 2003; 300:2081-4. [PMID: 12829779 DOI: 10.1126/science.1084350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Observations of seasonal variations of neutron flux from the high-energy neutron detector (HEND) on Mars Odyssey combined with direct measurements of the thickness of condensed carbon dioxide by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) on Mars Global Surveyor show a latitudinal dependence of northern winter deposition of carbon dioxide. The observations are also consistent with a shallow substrate consisting of a layer with water ice overlain by a layer of drier soil. The lower ice-rich layer contains between 50 and 75 weight % water, indicating that the shallow subsurface at northern polar latitudes on Mars is even more water rich than that in the south.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I G Mitrofanov
- Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Krasnopolsky VA. Spectroscopic mapping of Mars CO mixing ratio: Detection of north-south asymmetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
The Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) has discovered water ice exposed near the edge of Mars' southern perennial polar cap. The surface H2O ice was first observed by THEMIS as a region that was cooler than expected for dry soil at that latitude during the summer season. Diurnal and seasonal temperature trends derived from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations indicate that there is H2O ice at the surface. Viking observations, and the few other relevant THEMIS observations, indicate that surface H2O ice may be widespread around and under the perennial CO2 cap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Titus
- Branch of Astrogeology, U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Ruff SW, Christensen PR. Bright and dark regions on Mars: Particle size and mineralogical characteristics based on Thermal Emission Spectrometer data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Ruff
- Mars Space Flight Facility, Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Philip R. Christensen
- Mars Space Flight Facility, Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Smith MD. The annual cycle of water vapor on Mars as observed by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Cantor B. Multiyear Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) observations of repeated Martian weather phenomena during the northern summer season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
35
|
Richardson MI. Investigation of the nature and stability of the Martian seasonal water cycle with a general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Richardson MI. Water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere: General circulation model experiments with a simple cloud scheme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- D M Hunten
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Haberle RM, McKay CP, Schaeffer J, Cabrol NA, Grin EA, Zent AP, Quinn R. On the possibility of liquid water on present-day Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
Smith PH, Reynolds R, Weinberg J, Friedman T, Lemmon MT, Tanner R, Reid RJ, Marcialis RL, Bos BJ, Oquest C, Keller HU, Markiewicz WJ, Kramm R, Gliem F, Rueffer P. The MVACS Surface Stereo Imager on Mars Polar Lander. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
41
|
Pearl JC, Smith MD, Conrath BJ, Bandfield JL, Christensen PR. Observations of Martian ice clouds by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer: The first Martian year. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Hinson DP, Tyler GL, Hollingsworth JL, Wilson RJ. Radio occultation measurements of forced atmospheric waves on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H. Kieffer
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Toigo AD, Richardson MI. Seasonal variation of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
47
|
Kass DM, Yung YL. Water on Mars: isotopic constraints on exchange between the atmosphere and surface. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 1999; 26:3653-3656. [PMID: 11543401 DOI: 10.1029/1999gl008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a new measurement of the D/H fractionation efficiency and new estimates of the water loss, we calculate that Mars has the equivalent of a approximately 9 m global water layer in a reservoir that exchanges with the atmosphere. The measured D/H enrichment is about 5 times the terrestrial value, but without exchange, the atmosphere converges on an enrichment of 50 in about 0.5 Ma. Due to the large buffering reservoir and the rapid loss rate (10(-3) pr-micrometers yr-1), the small atmospheric reservoir, averaging 10 pr-micrometers, is unlikely to be in continuous isotopic equilibrium with the full 9 m exchangeable reservoir. Instead, it presumably equilibrates during periods of high obliquity; the atmospheric D/H ratio is expected to be enriched in between such periods. If isotopic exchange with a small (4 mm global layer) reservoir occurs under current conditions, it possible for the atmospheric D/H ratio to be within 10% of its long term equilibrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Kass
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Titov DV, Markiewicz WJ, Thomas N, Keller HU, Sablotny RM, Tomasko MG, Lemmon MT, Smith PH. Measurements of the atmospheric water vapor on Mars by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
49
|
Colaprete A, Toon OB, Magalhães JA. Cloud formation under Mars Pathfinder conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
50
|
Zuber MT, Smith DE, Solomon SC, Abshire JB, Afzal RS, Aharonson O, Fishbaugh K, Ford PG, Frey HV, Garvin JB, Head JW, Ivanov AB, Johnson CL, Muhleman DO, Neumann GA, Pettengill GH, Phillips RJ, Sun X, Zwally HJ, Banerdt WB, Duxbury TC. Observations of the north polar region of Mars from the Mars orbiter laser altimeter. Science 1998; 282:2053-60. [PMID: 9851922 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5396.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Elevations from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) have been used to construct a precise topographic map of the martian north polar region. The northern ice cap has a maximum elevation of 3 kilometers above its surroundings but lies within a 5-kilometer-deep hemispheric depression that is contiguous with the area into which most outflow channels emptied. Polar cap topography displays evidence of modification by ablation, flow, and wind and is consistent with a primarily H2O composition. Correlation of topography with images suggests that the cap was more spatially extensive in the past. The cap volume of 1.2 x 10(6) to 1.7 x 10(6) cubic kilometers is about half that of the Greenland ice cap. Clouds observed over the polar cap are likely composed of CO2 that condensed out of the atmosphere during northern hemisphere winter. Many clouds exhibit dynamical structure likely caused by the interaction of propagating wave fronts with surface topography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Zuber
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|