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Ramirez RM. A Complex Life Habitable Zone Based On Lipid Solubility Theory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7432. [PMID: 32366889 PMCID: PMC7198600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To find potentially habitable exoplanets, space missions employ the habitable zone (HZ), which is the region around a star (or multiple stars) where standing bodies of water could exist on the surface of a rocky planet. Follow-up atmospheric characterization could yield biosignatures signifying life. Although most iterations of the HZ are agnostic regarding the nature of such life, a recent study argues that a complex life HZ would be considerably smaller than that used in classical definitions. Here, I use an advanced energy balance model to show that such an HZ would be considerably wider than originally predicted given revised CO2 limits and (for the first time) N2 respiration limits for complex life. The width of this complex life HZ (CLHZ) increases by ~35% from ~0.95–1.2 AU to 0.95–1.31 AU in our solar system. Similar extensions are shown for stars with stellar effective temperatures between 2,600–9,000 K. I define this CLHZ using lipid solubility theory, diving data, and results from animal laboratory experiments. I also discuss implications for biosignatures and technosignatures. Finally, I discuss the applicability of the CLHZ and other HZ variants to the search for both simple and complex life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramses M Ramirez
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. .,Space Science Institute, Boulder, Co, USA.
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2
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Pollack JB, Haberle RM, Murphy JR, Schaeffer J, Lee H. Simulations of the general circulation of the Martian Atmosphere: 2. Seasonal pressure variations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Lorenz RD. The two-box model of climate: limitations and applications to planetary habitability and maximum entropy production studies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1349-54. [PMID: 20368253 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'two-box model' of planetary climate is discussed. This model has been used to demonstrate consistency of the equator-pole temperature gradient on Earth, Mars and Titan with what would be predicted from a principle of maximum entropy production (MEP). While useful for exposition and for generating first-order estimates of planetary heat transports, it has too low a resolution to investigate climate systems with strong feedbacks. A two-box MEP model agrees well with the observed day : night temperature contrast observed on the extrasolar planet HD 189733b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph D Lorenz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
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Nakamura T, Tajika E. Stability of the Martian climate system under the seasonal change condition of solar radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takasumi Nakamura
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Eiichi Tajika
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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Christensen PR, Bandfield JL, Hamilton VE, Ruff SW, Kieffer HH, Titus TN, Malin MC, Morris RV, Lane MD, Clark RL, Jakosky BM, Mellon MT, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Smith MD, Clancy RT, Kuzmin RO, Roush T, Mehall GL, Gorelick N, Bender K, Murray K, Dason S, Greene E, Silverman S, Greenfield M. Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 782] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Kieffer HH, Titus TN, Mullins KF, Christensen PR. Mars south polar spring and summer behavior observed by TES: Seasonal cap evolution controlled by frost grain size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hansen GB. Control of the radiative behavior of the Martian polar caps by surface CO2ice: Evidence from Mars Global Surveyor measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Mars CO2 Ice Polar Caps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5252-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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9
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Seiff A, Tillman JE, Murphy JR, Schofield JT, Crisp D, Barnes JR, LaBaw C, Mahoney C, Mihalov JD, Wilson GR, Haberle R. The atmosphere structure and meteorology instrument on the Mars Pathfinder lander. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96je03320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Forget F, Pollack JB. Thermal infrared observations of the condensing Martian polar caps: CO2ice temperatures and radiative budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96je01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Tillman JE, Johnson NC, Guttorp P, Percival DB. The Martian annual atmospheric pressure cycle: Years without great dust storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93je01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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McCleese DJ, Haskins RD, Schofield JT, Zurek RW, Leovy CB, Paige DA, Taylor FW. Atmosphere and climate studies of Mars using the Mars Observer pressure modulator infrared radiometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92je00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Christensen PR, Anderson DL, Chase SC, Clark RN, Kieffer HH, Malin MC, Pearl JC, Carpenter J, Bandiera N, Brown FG, Silverman S. Thermal emission spectrometer experiment: Mars Observer mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92je00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Moreau D, Esposito LW, Brasseur G. The chemical composition of the dust-free Martian atmosphere: Preliminary results of a two-dimensional model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jb02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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François LM, Walker JC, Kuhn WR. A numerical simulation of climate changes during the obliquity cycle on Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1990; 95:14761-78. [PMID: 11538477 DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A one-dimensional seasonal energy balance climate model has been developed for the Martian surface and coupled to a model of CO2 distribution between atmosphere, regolith, and polar caps. This model takes into account the greenhouse warming of carbon dioxide, the meridional transport of heat, the CO2 condensation and sublimation cycle, and its adsorption in the regolith. The model takes into consideration the diurnal variation of solar irradiation, since it is shown that disregard of this effect yields temperatures too high by several degrees. The yearly-averaged temperatures calculated from this climate model at different obliquities are used to estimate the importance of CO2 exchanges between the regolith and atmosphere-cap systems during the obliquity cycle. For this purpose, the equation of thermal diffusion into the ground is solved for each latitude belt. The results differ substantially from those of previous studies, due in part to the consideration of the diurnal and seasonal variations of the solar irradiance. The model shows the importance of taking these short-period variations into account instead of using yearly-averaged quantities, due to the strong nonlinearity of the climate system on Mars. The roles of meridional heat transport and greenhouse warming are analyzed and shown to be important. For example, a permanent polar cap of carbon dioxide is destroyed by heat transport when the obliquity is high, while at low obliquity, high-pressure systems without permanent cap can exist if enough exchangeable carbon dioxide is available. Further, the results show the possible existence of hysteresis cycles in the formation and sublimation of permanent deposits during the course of the obliquity cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M François
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Warren SG, Wiscombe WJ, Firestone JF. Spectral albedo and emissivity of CO2in Martian polar caps: Model results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee Lindner B. The Martian polar cap: Radiative effects of ozone, clouds, and airborne dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib02p01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Metzger AE, Haines EL. Atmospheric measurements at Mars via gamma ray spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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