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Hu J, Asimow PD, Liu Y, Ma C. Shock-recovered maskelynite indicates low-pressure ejection of shergottites from Mars. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2906. [PMID: 37134156 PMCID: PMC10156110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diaplectic feldspathic glass, commonly known as maskelynite, is a widely used impact indicator, notably for shergottites, whose shock conditions are keys to their geochemistry and launch mechanism. However, classic reverberating shock recovery experiments show maskelynitization at higher shock pressures (>30 gigapascals) than the stability field of the high-pressure minerals found in many shergottites (15 to 25 gigapascals). Most likely, differences between experimental loading paths and those appropriate for martian impacts have created this ambiguity in shergottite shock histories. Shock reverberation yields lower temperature and deviatoric stress than single-shock planetary impacts at equivalent pressure. We report the Hugoniot equation of state of a martian analog basalt and single-shock recovery experiments, indicating partial-to-complete maskelynitization at 17 to 22 gigapascals, consistent with the high-pressure minerals in maskelynitized shergottites. This pressure explains the presence of intact magmatic accessory minerals, used for geochronology in shergottites, and offers a new pressure-time profile for modeling shergottite launch, likely requiring greater origin depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Hu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Paul D Asimow
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Chi Ma
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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The Behavior of Water in Orthoclase Crystal and Its Implications for Feldspar Alteration. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of feldspar alteration that occurs in the interior of feldspar crystals remains poorly understood. We observed experimentally that water can go into orthoclase crystals under pressures of up to 600 MPa at room temperature. With increasing pressure, the FTIR spectra of colorless orthoclase show a sharp increase in integral absorbance from 1.50 cm−1 to 14.54 cm−1 and normalized integral absorbance from 120 cm−2 to 1570 cm−2; the pink orthoclase saturates quickly with no significant change in either the integral absorbance or normalized integral absorbance. The different responses to the pressure between colorless orthoclase and pink orthoclase might be related to the K content in the structure. Moreover, FTIR spectra at atmospheric pressure collected in different crystallography directions show different absorbance intensities, which illustrates the characteristic of preferred crystallographic orientations. These results reveal that H2O molecules can occur as structural constituents entering the crystallographic channels of alkali feldspar crystals, preferentially along (001) orientation. These findings provide clues into the mechanism of feldspar alteration occurring in the interior of feldspar crystals, as well as the formation of micropores and microstructure in feldspar minerals. This study also provides important insights into the behavior of water molecules in nominally anhydrous minerals in the upper crust of the Earth.
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Hu J, Sharp TG. Formation, preservation and extinction of high-pressure minerals in meteorites: temperature effects in shock metamorphism and shock classification. PROGRESS IN EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 35059281 PMCID: PMC8732827 DOI: 10.1186/s40645-021-00463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The goal of classifying shock metamorphic features in meteorites is to estimate the corresponding shock pressure conditions. However, the temperature variability of shock metamorphism is equally important and can result in a diverse and heterogeneous set of shock features in samples with a common overall shock pressure. In particular, high-pressure (HP) minerals, which were previously used as a solid indicator of high shock pressure in meteorites, require complex pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) histories to form and survive. First, parts of the sample must be heated to melting temperatures, at high pressure, to enable rapid formation of HP minerals before pressure release. Second, the HP minerals must be rapidly cooled to below a critical temperature, before the pressure returns to ambient conditions, to avoid retrograde transformation to their low-pressure polymorphs. These two constraints require the sample to contain large temperature heterogeneities, e.g. melt veins in a cooler groundmass, during shock. In this study, we calculated shock temperatures and possible P-T paths of chondritic and differentiated mafic-ultramafic rocks for various shock pressures. These P-T conditions and paths, combined with observations from shocked meteorites, are used to constrain shock conditions and P-T-t histories of HP-mineral bearing samples. The need for rapid thermal quench of HP phases requires a relatively low bulk-shock temperature and therefore moderate shock pressures below ~ 30 GPa, which matches the stabilities of these HP minerals. The low-temperature moderate-pressure host rock generally shows moderate shock-deformation features consistent with S4 and, less commonly, S5 shock stages. Shock pressures in excess of 50 GPa in meteorites result in melt breccias with high overall post-shock temperatures that anneal out HP-mineral signatures. The presence of ringwoodite, which is commonly considered an indicator of the S6 shock stage, is inconsistent with pressures in excess of 30 GPa and does not represent shock conditions different from S4 shock conditions. Indeed, ringwoodite and coexisting HP minerals should be considered as robust evidence for moderate shock pressures (S4) rather than extreme shock (S6) near whole-rock melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Hu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Thomas G. Sharp
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
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Pittarello L, Ferrière L, Feignon J, Osinski GR, Koeberl C. Preferred orientation distribution of shock-induced planar microstructures in quartz and feldspar. METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE 2020; 55:1082-1092. [PMID: 32999585 PMCID: PMC7508181 DOI: 10.1111/maps.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shocked quartz and feldspar grains commonly exhibit planar microstructures, such as planar fractures, planar deformation features, and possibly microtwins, which are considered to have formed by shock metamorphism. Their orientation and frequency are typically reported to be randomly distributed across a sample. The goal of this study is to investigate whether such microstructures are completely random within a given sample, or whether their orientation might also retain information on the direction of the local shock wave propagation. For this work, we selected samples of shatter cones, which were cut normal to the striated surface and the striation direction, from three impact structures (Keurusselkä, Finland, and Charlevoix and Manicouagan, Canada). These samples show different stages of pre-impact tectonic deformation. Additionally, we investigated several shocked granite samples, selected at different depths along the drill core recovered during the joint IODP-ICDP Chicxulub Expedition 364 (Mexico). In this case, thin sections were cut along two orthogonal directions, one parallel and one normal to the drill core axis. All the results refer to optical microscopy and universal-stage analyses performed on petrographic thin sections. Our results show that such shock-related microstructures do have a preferred orientation, but also that relating their orientation with the possible shock wave propagation is quite challenging and potentially impossible. This is largely due to the lack of dedicated experiments to provide a key to interpret the observed preferred orientation and to the lack of information on postimpact orientation modifications, especially in the case of the drill core samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Pittarello
- Natural History Museum ViennaBurgring 7A‐1010ViennaAustria
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14A‐1090ViennaAustria
| | | | - Jean‐Guillaume Feignon
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14A‐1090ViennaAustria
| | - Gordon R. Osinski
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Western Ontario1151 Richmond StreetLondonOntarioCanadaN6A 5B7
- Institute for Earth and Space ExplorationUniversity of Western Ontario1151 Richmond StreetLondonOntarioCanadaN6A 3K7
| | - Christian Koeberl
- Natural History Museum ViennaBurgring 7A‐1010ViennaAustria
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14A‐1090ViennaAustria
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Pittarello L, Daly L, PickersgilL AE, Ferrière L, Lee MR. Shock metamorphism in plagioclase and selective amorphization. METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE 2020; 55:1103-1115. [PMID: 32999586 PMCID: PMC7507835 DOI: 10.1111/maps.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plagioclase feldspar is one of the most common rock-forming minerals on the surfaces of the Earth and other terrestrial planetary bodies, where it has been exposed to the ubiquitous process of hypervelocity impact. However, the response of plagioclase to shock metamorphism remains poorly understood. In particular, constraining the initiation and progression of shock-induced amorphization in plagioclase (i.e., conversion to diaplectic glass) would improve our knowledge of how shock progressively deforms plagioclase. In turn, this information would enable plagioclase to be used to evaluate the shock stage of meteorites and terrestrial impactites, whenever they lack traditionally used shock indicator minerals, such as olivine and quartz. Here, we report on an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study of shocked plagioclase grains in a metagranite shatter cone from the central uplift of the Manicouagan impact structure, Canada. Our study suggests that, in plagioclase, shock amorphization is initially localized either within pre-existing twins or along lamellae, with similar characteristics to planar deformation features (PDFs) but that resemble twins in their periodicity. These lamellae likely represent specific crystallographic planes that undergo preferential structural failure under shock conditions. The orientation of preexisting twin sets that are preferentially amorphized and that of amorphous lamellae is likely favorable with respect to scattering of the local shock wave and corresponds to the "weakest" orientation for a specific shock pressure value. This observation supports a universal formation mechanism for PDFs in silicate minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Pittarello
- Department of Mineralogy and PetrographyNatural History MuseumBurgring 7A‐1010ViennaAustria
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14A‐1090ViennaAustria
| | - Luke Daly
- School of Geographical and Earth SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGregory BuildingLilybank GardensGlasgowG12 8QQUK
- Space Science and Technology CentreSchool of Earth and Planetary SciencesCurtin UniversityGPO Box U 1987PerthWestern Australia6845Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and MicroanalysisUniversity of SydneySydney2006New South WalesAustralia
| | - Annemarie E. PickersgilL
- School of Geographical and Earth SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGregory BuildingLilybank GardensGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Ludovic Ferrière
- Department of Mineralogy and PetrographyNatural History MuseumBurgring 7A‐1010ViennaAustria
| | - Martin R. Lee
- School of Geographical and Earth SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGregory BuildingLilybank GardensGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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Oxygen Isotope Thermometry of DaG 476 and SaU 008 Martian Meteorites: Implications for Their Origin. GEOSCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kereszturi A, Gyollai I, Kereszty Z, Kiss K, Szabó M, Szalai Z, Ringer M, Veres M. Analyzing Raman - Infrared spectral correlation in the recently found meteorite Csátalja. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 173:637-646. [PMID: 27780126 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Correlating the Raman and infrared spectra of shocked minerals in Csátalja ordinary chondrite (H4, S2, W2) with controlling the composition by EPMA measurements, we identified and improved various shock indicators, as infrared spectro-microscopic analysis has been poorly used for shock impact alteration studies of meteorites to date. We also provide reference spectra as SOM for the community with local mineralogical and shock alteration related context to support further standardization of the IR ATR based measurements. Raman band positions shifted in conjunction with the increase in full width half maximum (FWHM) with shock stage in olivine minerals while in the infrared spectra when comparing the IR band positions and IR maximal absorbance, increasing correlation was found as a function of increasing shock effects. This is the first observational confirmation with the ATR method of the already expected shock related disordering. In the case of shocked pyroxenes the well-known peak broadening and peak shift was confirmed by Raman method, beyond the level that could have been produced by only chemical changes. With increasing shock level the 852-864cm-1 and 1055-1071cm-1 FTIR bands finally disappeared. From the shock effect occasionally mixed mineral structures formed, especially feldspars together with pyroxene. Feldspars were only present in the shock melted volumes, thus produced by the shock effect itself. Based on the above mentioned observations in Csátalja meteorite the less shocked (only fractured) part witnessed 2-6GPa shock pressure with temperature below 100°C. The moderately shocked parts (minerals with mosaicism and mechanical twins) witnessed 5-10GPa pressure and 900°C temperature. The strongly shocked area (many olivine and pyroxene grains) was subject to 10-15GPa and 1000°C. The existence of broad peak near 510cm-1 and disappearance of other peaks of feldspar at 480 and 570cm-1 indicate the presence of maskelynite, which proposes that the peak shock pressure could reach 20GPa at certain locations. We identified higher shock levels than earlier works in this meteorite and provided examples how heterogeneous the shock effect and level could be at small spatial scale. The provided reference spectra support the future improvement for the standardization of infrared ATR based methods and the understanding of shock-related mineral alterations beyond the optical appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kereszturi
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklos Astronomical Institute, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, Hungary.
| | - I Gyollai
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45, Hungary
| | - Zs Kereszty
- International Meteorite Collectors Association (IMCA#6251), H 9024 Győr, Lahner u 1, Hungary
| | - K Kiss
- Geographical Institute, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45, Hungary
| | - M Szabó
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45, Hungary
| | - Z Szalai
- Geographical Institute, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45, Hungary; ELTE Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Hungary
| | - M Ringer
- Geographical Institute, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45, Hungary; ELTE Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Hungary
| | - M Veres
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
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Hasan FA, Haq M, Sears DWG. The natural thermoluminescence of meteorites: I. Twenty-three Antarctic meteorites of known26Al content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb092ib04p0e703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stöffler D, Langenhorst F. Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: I. Basic observation and theory*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Grieve RAF, Cintala MJ. An analysis of differential impact melt-crater scaling and implications for the terrestrial impact record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1992.tb01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bogard D, Hörz F, Johnson P. Shock-implanted noble gases II: Additional experimental studies and recognition in naturally shocked terrestrial materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1989.tb00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wright SP, Christensen PR, Sharp TG. Laboratory thermal emission spectroscopy of shocked basalt from Lonar Crater, India, and implications for Mars orbital and sample data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johnson JR. Visible/near-infrared spectra of experimentally shocked plagioclase feldspars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pieters CM, Tompkins S. Tsiolkovsky crater: A window into crustal processes on the lunar farside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nash DB, Salisbury JW, Conel JE, Lucey PG, Christensen PR. Evaluation of infrared emission spectroscopy for mapping the moon's surface composition from lunar orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93je02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hartmetz CP, Ostertag R, Sears DWG. A thermoluminescence study of experimentally shock-loaded oligoclase and bytownite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib13p0e263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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