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Marjanović M, Singh SC, Gregory EPM, Grevemeyer I, Growe K, Wang Z, Vaddineni V, Laurencin M, Carton H, Gómez de la Peña L, Filbrandt C. Seismic Crustal Structure and Morphotectonic Features Associated With the Chain Fracture Zone and Their Role in the Evolution of the Equatorial Atlantic Region. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2020; 125:e2020JB020275. [PMID: 33282617 PMCID: PMC7685155 DOI: 10.1029/2020jb020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic transform faults and fracture zones (FZs) represent major bathymetric features that keep the records of past and present strike-slip motion along conservative plate boundaries. Although they play an important role in ridge segmentation and evolution of the lithosphere, their structural characteristics, and their variation in space and time, are poorly understood. To address some of the unknowns, we conducted interdisciplinary geophysical studies in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, the region where some of the most prominent transform discontinuities have been developing. Here we present the results of the data analysis in the vicinity of the Chain FZ, on the South American Plate. The crustal structure across the Chain FZ, at the contact between ∼10 and 24 Ma oceanic lithosphere, is sampled along seismic reflection and refraction profiles. We observe that the crustal thickness within and across the Chain FZ ranges from ∼4.6-5.9 km, which compares with the observations reported for slow-slipping transform discontinuities globally. We attribute this presence of close to normal oceanic crustal thickness within FZs to the mechanism of lateral dike propagation, previously considered to be valid only in fast-slipping environments. Furthermore, the combination of our results with other data sets enabled us to extend the observations to morphotectonic characteristics on a regional scale. Our broader view suggests that the formation of the transverse ridge is closely associated with a global plate reorientation that was also responsible for the propagation and for shaping lower-order Mid-Atlantic Ridge segmentation around the equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Marjanović
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Satish C. Singh
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Emma P. M. Gregory
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Ingo Grevemeyer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre of Ocean Research Kiel, RD4—Marine GeodynamicsKielGermany
| | - Kevin Growe
- Applied Geophysics ProgramTU Delft, ETH Zürich, RWTH AachenAachenGermany
| | - Zhikai Wang
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Venkata Vaddineni
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Muriel Laurencin
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Hélène Carton
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | | | - Christian Filbrandt
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre of Ocean Research Kiel, RD4—Marine GeodynamicsKielGermany
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Abstract
The volcanic island of Surtsey (Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland) is the product of a 3.5-year-long eruption that began in November 1963. Observations of magma-water interaction during pyroclastic episodes made Surtsey the type example of shallow-to-emergent phreatomagmatic eruptions. Here, in part to mark the 50th anniversary of this canonical eruption, we present previously unpublished major-element whole-rock compositions, and new major and trace-element compositions of sideromelane glasses in tephra collected by observers and retrieved from the 1979 drill core. Compositions became progressively more primitive as the eruption progressed, with abrupt changes corresponding to shifts between the eruption’s four edifices. Trace-element ratios indicate that the chemical variation is best explained by mixing of different proportions of depleted ridge-like basalt, with ponded, enriched alkalic basalt similar to that of Iceland’s Eastern Volcanic Zone; however, the systematic offset of Surtsey compositions to lower Nb/Zr than other Vestmannaeyjar lavas indicates that these mixing end members are as-yet poorly contained by compositions in the literature. As the southwestern-most volcano in the Vestmannaeyjar, the geochemistry of the Surtsey Magma Series exemplifies processes occurring within ephemeral magma bodies on the extreme leading edge of a propagating off-axis rift in the vicinity of the Iceland plume.
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Cannat M, Cann J, Maclennan J. Some Hard Rock Constraints on the Supply of Heat to Mid-Ocean Ridges. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Langmuir CH, Klein EM, Plank T. Petrological Systematics of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts: Constraints on Melt Generation Beneath Ocean Ridges. MANTLE FLOW AND MELT GENERATION AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm071p0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Perfit MR, Chadwick WW. Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Constraints from Volcanological and Geochemical Investigations. FAULTING AND MAGMATISM AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Niu Y, Batiza R. Magmatic processes at a slow spreading ridge segment: 26°S Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Niu Y, Batiza R. Chemical variation trends at fast and slow spreading mid-ocean ridges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bryan WB, Humphris SE, Thompson G, Casey JF. Comparative volcanology of small axial eruptive centers in the MARK area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Allan JF, Chase RL, Cousens B, Michael PJ, Gorton MP, Scott SD. The Tuzo Wilson Volcanic Field, NE Pacific: Alkaline volcanism at a complex, diffuse, transform-trench-ridge triple junction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Macdonald KC, Castillo DA, Miller SP, Fox PJ, Kastens KA, Bonatti E. Deep-tow studies of the Vema Fracture Zone: 1. Tectonics of a major slow slipping transform fault and its intersection with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib03p03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dixon JE, Clague DA, Eissen JP. Gabbroic xenoliths and host ferrobasalt from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib03p03795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brodholt JP, Batiza R. Global systematics of unaveraged mid-ocean ridge basalt compositions: Comment [on “Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness” by E. M. Klein and C. H. Langmuir]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib04p04231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Macdonald K, Sempere JC, Fox PJ. East Pacific Rise from Siqueiros to Orozco Fracture Zones: Along-strike continuity of axial neovolcanic zone and structure and evolution of overlapping spreading centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib07p06049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Purdy GM, Detrick RS. Crustal structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 23°N from seismic refraction studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib03p03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Haggas SL. Architecture of the volcanic layer from the Costa Rica Rift, constraints from core-log integration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sinton J. Volcanic eruptions on mid-ocean ridges: New evidence from the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 17°–19°S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Allan JF, Simkin T. Fernandina Volcano's evolved, well-mixed basalts: Mineralogical and petrological constraints on the nature of the Galapagos plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Michael PJ, Cornell WC. Influence of spreading rate and magma supply on crystallization and assimilation beneath mid-ocean ridges: Evidence from chlorine and major element chemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weiland CM, Macdonald KC, Grindlay NR. Ridge segmentation and the magnetic structure of the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26°S and 31°-35°S: Implications for magmatic processes at slow spreading centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb03535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lawson K, Searle RC, Pearce JA, Browning P, Kempton P. Detailed volcanic geology of the MARNOK area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of Kane transform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.118.01.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Stakes DS, Taylor HP. The Northern Samail Ophiolite: An Oxygen isotope, microprobe, and field study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jb02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Van Wagoner NA, Leybourne MI. Evidence for magma mixing and a heterogeneous mantle on the West Valley Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jb00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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No evidence from multichannel reflection data for a crustal magma chamber in the MARK area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/347061a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Davis AS, Clague DA. Gabbroic xenoliths from the Northern Gorda Ridge: Implications for magma chamber processes under slow spreading centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib07p10885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rhodes JM, Morgan C, Liias RA. Geochemistry of axial seamount lavas: Magmatic relationship between the Cobb Hotspot and the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib08p12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bergman EA, Solomon SC. Earthquake swarms on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Products of magmatism or extensional tectonics? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib04p04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hildebrand JA, Stevenson JM, Hammer PTC, Zumberge MA, Parker RL, Fox CG, Meis PJ. A seafloor and sea surface gravity survey of Axial Volcano. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib08p12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bonatti E, Harrison CGA. Eruption styles of basalt in oceanic spreading ridges and seamounts: Effect of magma temperature and viscosity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib04p02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Klein EM, Langmuir CH. Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jb092ib08p08089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Komor SC, Elthon D, Casey JF. MIneralogic variation in a layered ultramafic cumulate sequence at the North Arm Mountain Massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/jb090ib09p07705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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