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Humphris SE, Klein F. Progress in Deciphering the Controls on the Geochemistry of Fluids in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 10:315-343. [PMID: 28853997 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last four decades, more than 500 sites of seafloor hydrothermal venting have been identified in a range of tectonic environments. These vents represent the seafloor manifestation of hydrothermal convection of seawater through the permeable oceanic basement that is driven by a subsurface heat source. Hydrothermal circulation has fundamental effects on the transfer of heat and mass from the lithosphere to the hydrosphere, the composition of seawater, the physical and chemical properties of the oceanic basement, and vent ecosystems at and below the seafloor. In this review, we compare and contrast the vent fluid chemistry from hydrothermal fields in a range of tectonic settings to assess the relative roles of fluid-mineral equilibria, phase separation, magmatic input, seawater entrainment, and sediment cover in producing the observed range of fluid compositions. We focus particularly on hydrothermal activity in those tectonic environments (e.g., mid-ocean ridge detachment faults, back-arc basins, and island arc volcanoes) where significant progress has been made in the last decade in documenting the variations in vent fluid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Humphris
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543;
| | - Frieder Klein
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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Ho PT, Park E, Hong SG, Kim EH, Kim K, Jang SJ, Vrijenhoek RC, Won YJ. Geographical structure of endosymbiotic bacteria hosted by Bathymodiolus mussels at eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:121. [PMID: 28558648 PMCID: PMC5450337 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemolithoautotrophic primary production sustains dense invertebrate communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps. Symbiotic bacteria that oxidize dissolved sulfur, methane, and hydrogen gases nourish bathymodiolin mussels that thrive in these environments worldwide. The mussel symbionts are newly acquired in each generation via infection by free-living forms. This study examined geographical subdivision of the thiotrophic endosymbionts hosted by Bathymodiolus mussels living along the eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. High-throughput sequencing data of 16S ribosomal RNA encoding gene and fragments of six protein-coding genes of symbionts were examined in the samples collected from nine vent localities at the East Pacific Rise, Galápagos Rift, and Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. RESULTS Both of the parapatric sister-species, B. thermophilus and B. antarcticus, hosted the same numerically dominant phylotype of thiotrophic Gammaproteobacteria. However, sequences from six protein-coding genes revealed highly divergent symbiont lineages living north and south of the Easter Microplate and hosted by these two Bathymodiolus mussel species. High heterogeneity of symbiont haplotypes among host individuals sampled from the same location suggested that stochasticity associated with initial infections was amplified as symbionts proliferated within the host individuals. The mussel species presently contact one another and hybridize along the Easter Microplate, but the northern and southern symbionts appear to be completely isolated. Vicariance associated with orogeny of the Easter Microplate region, 2.5-5.3 million years ago, may have initiated isolation of the symbiont and host populations. Estimates of synonymous substitution rates for the protein-coding bacterial genes examined in this study were 0.77-1.62%/nucleotide/million years. CONCLUSIONS Our present study reports the most comprehensive population genetic analyses of the chemosynthetic endosymbiotic bacteria based on high-throughput genetic data and extensive geographical sampling to date, and demonstrates the role of the geographical features, the Easter Microplate and geographical distance, in the intraspecific divergence of this bacterial species along the mid-ocean ridge axes in the eastern Pacific. Altogether, our results provide insights into extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting the dispersal and evolution of chemosynthetic symbiotic partners in the hydrothermal vents along the eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Thao Ho
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Soon Gyu Hong
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangchon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Sook-Jin Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Jin Won
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea. .,Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
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Alt JC. Subseafloor Processes in Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothennal Systems. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chemical and Biochemical Transformations in Hydrothermal Plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Von Damm KL. Controls on the Chemistry and Temporal Variability of Seafloor Hydrothermal Fluids. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shanks WC, Böhlke JK, Seal RR. Stable Isotopes in Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Systems: Interactions Between Fluids, Minerals, and Organisms. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hannington MD, Jonasson IR, Herzig PM, Petersen S. Physical and Chemical Processes of Seafloor Mineralization at Mid-Ocean Ridges. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Baker ET, German CR, Elderfield H. Hydrothermal Plumes Over Spreading-Center Axes: Global Distributions and Geological Inferences. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Seyfried WE, Ding K. Phase Equilibria in Subseafloor Hydrothermal Systems: a Review of the Role of Redox, Temperature, Ph and Dissolved Cl on the Chemistry of Hot Spring Fluids at Mid-Ocean Ridges. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lowell RP, Germanovich LN. Hydrothermal Processes at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Results from Scale Analysis and Single-Pass Models. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ultramafic-Hosted Hydrothermal Systems at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Chemical and Physical Controls on pH, Redox and Carbon Reduction Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lowell RP, Crowell BW, Lewis KC, Liu L. Modeling Multiphase, Multicomponent Processes at Oceanic Spreading Centers. MAGMA TO MICROBE: MODELING HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES AT OCEAN SPREADING CENTERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/178gm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Von Damm KL. Evolution of the Hydrothermal System at East Pacific Rise 9°50´N: Geochemical Evidence for Changes in The Upper Oceanic Crust. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nehlig P. Interactions between magma chambers and hydrothermal systems: Oceanic and ophiolitic constraints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Von Damm KL. Systematics of and postulated controls on submarine hydrothermal solution chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Butterfield DA, McDuff RE, Mottl MJ, Lilley MD, Lupton JE, Massoth GJ. Gradients in the composition of hydrothermal fluids from the Endeavour segment vent field: Phase separation and brine loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Harper GD, Bowman JR, Kuhns R. A field, chemical, and stable isotope study of subseafloor metamorphism of the Josephine ophiolite, California-Oregon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Butterfield DA, Massoth GJ. Geochemistry of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Trefry JH, Butterfield DB, Metz S, Massoth GJ, Trocine RP, Feely RA. Trace metals in hydrothermal solutions from Cleft segment on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Berndt ME, Seyfried WE, Beck JW. Hydrothermal alteration processes at midocean ridges: Experimental and theoretical constraints from Ca and Sr exchange reactions and Sr isotopic ratios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Campbell AC, Bowers TS, Measures CI, Falkner KK, Khadem M, Edmond JM. A time series of vent fluid compositions from 21°N, East Pacific Rise (1979, 1981, 1985), and the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California (1982, 1985). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Woodruff LG, Shanks WC. Sulfur isotope study of chimney minerals and vent fluids from 21°N, East Pacific Rise: Hydrothermal sulfur sources and disequilibrium sulfate reduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crapart S, Fardeau ML, Cayol JL, Thomas P, Sery C, Ollivier B, Combet-Blanc Y. Exiguobacterium profundum sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, lactic acid-producing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:287-292. [PMID: 17267965 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A facultatively anaerobic, halotolerant, moderately thermophilic and non-sporulating bacterium, designated strain 10C(T), was isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples collected on the 13 degrees N East Pacific Rise at a depth of approximately 2600 m. Cells of strain 10C(T) were Gram-positive, motile rods, and grew optimally at 45 degrees C (range 12-49 degrees C), pH 7.0 (range pH 5.5-9.5) and 0-2 % NaCl (range 0-11 %). (+)-L-Lactate was the main organic acid detected from carbohydrate fermentation with traces of formate, acetate and ethanol. Strain 10C(T) was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and reduced nitrate to nitrite under anaerobic conditions. The DNA G+C content was 50.4 mol%. Its closest phylogenetic relatives were Exiguobacterium aestuarii TF-16(T) and Exiguobacterium marinum TF-80(T) (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity >99 %). However, strain 10C(T) differed genotypically from these two Exiguobacterium species as indicated by DNA-DNA relatedness data. Therefore, on the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain 10C(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Exiguobacterium, for which the name Exiguobacterium profundum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 10C(T) (=CCUG 50949(T)=DSM 17289(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Crapart
- IRD, UMR180, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fardeau
- IRD, UMR180, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Luc Cayol
- IRD, UMR180, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- IRD, UMR180, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Christian Sery
- IRD, UMR180, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Bernard Ollivier
- IRD, UMR180, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Yannick Combet-Blanc
- IRD, UMR180, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Ding K, Seyfried WE. In situ measurement of pH and dissolved H2 in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluids at elevated temperatures and pressures. Chem Rev 2007; 107:601-22. [PMID: 17300142 DOI: 10.1021/cr050367s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ding
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, 310 Pillsbury Drive E, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Minic Z, Serre V, Hervé G. [Adaptation of organisms to extreme conditions of deep-sea hydrothermal vents]. C R Biol 2006; 329:527-40. [PMID: 16797459 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The deep-sea hydrothermal vents are located along the volcanic ridges and are characterized by extreme conditions such as unique physical properties (temperature, pression), chemical toxicity, and absence of photosynthesis. However, life exists in these particular environments. The primary producers of energy and organic molecules in these biotopes are chimiolithoautotrophic bacteria. Many animals species live in intimate and complex symbiosis with these sulfo-oxidizing and methanogene bacteria. These symbioses imply a strategy of nutrition and a specific metabolic organization involving numerous interactions and metabolic exchanges, between partners. The organisms of these ecosystems have developed different adaptive strategies. In these environments many microorganisms are adapted to high temperatures. Moreover to survive in these environments, living organisms have developed various strategies to protect themselves against toxic molecules such as H2S and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Minic
- Laboratoire de biochimie des signaux régulateurs cellulaires et moléculaires, FRE 2621, CNRS, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (Paris-6), 96, bd Raspail, 75006 Paris, France.
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Holm NG, Andersson E. Hydrothermal simulation experiments as a tool for studies of the origin of life on Earth and other terrestrial planets: a review. ASTROBIOLOGY 2005; 5:444-60. [PMID: 16078865 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2005.5.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential of life's origin in submarine hydrothermal systems has been evaluated by a number of investigators by conducting high temperature-high pressure experiments involving organic compounds. In the majority of these experiments little attention has been paid to the importance of constraining important parameters, such as the pH and the redox state of the system. This is particularly revealed in the apparent difficulties in interpreting experimental data from hydrothermal organic synthesis and stability studies. However, in those cases where common mineral assemblages have been used in an attempt to buffer the pH and redox conditions to geologically and geochemically realistic values, theoretical and experimental data seem to converge. The use of mineral buffer assemblages provides a convenient way by which to constrain the experimental conditions. Studies at high temperatures and pressure in the laboratory have revealed a number of reactions that proceed rapidly in hydrothermal fluids, including the Strecker synthesis of amino acids. In other cases, the verification of postulated abiotic reaction mechanisms has not been possible, at least for large molecules such as large fatty acids and hydrocarbons. This includes the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. High temperature-high pressure experimental methods have been developed and used successfully for a long time in, for example, mineral solubility studies under hydrothermal conditions. By taking advantage of this experimental experience new and, at times, unexpected directions can be taken in bioorganic geochemistry, one being, for instance, primitive two-dimensional information coding. This article critically reviews some of the organic synthesis and stability experiments that have been conducted under simulated submarine hydrothermal conditions. We also discuss some of the theoretical and practical considerations that apply to hydrothermal laboratory studies of organic molecules related to the origin of life on Earth and probably also to the other terrestrial planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils G Holm
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gharib JJ. Methane dynamics in hydrothermal plumes over a superfast spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5°–32.3°S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nercessian O, Bienvenu N, Moreira D, Prieur D, Jeanthon C. Diversity of functional genes of methanogens, methanotrophs and sulfate reducers in deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Environ Microbiol 2005; 7:118-32. [PMID: 15643942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To contribute to the identification of methanogens, methanotrophs and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in microbial communities from the 13 degrees N (East Pacific Rise) and Rainbow (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) hydrothermal vent fields, we investigated the diversity of mcrA, pmoA and dsrAB genes sequences. Clone libraries were obtained using DNA isolated from fragments of diffuse vents, sediment and in situ samplers. The clones were categorized by restriction fragment length polymorphism, and representatives of each group were sequenced. Sequences were related to that of hyperthermophilic (order Methanopyrales and family Methanocaldococcaceae), thermophilic and mesophilic (family Methanococcaceae) methanogens, thermophilic (proposed genus 'Methylothermus') and mesophilic type I methanotrophs, and hyperthermophilic (order Archaeoglobales), thermophilic (order Thermodesulfobacteriales) and mesophilic (family Desulfobulbaceae) SRB. Several of the obtained sequences were distantly related to the genes of cultivated organisms, providing evidence of the existence of novel lineages in the three functional groups. This study provides for the first time an insight into the diversity of several functional genes of deep-sea hydrothermal system microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Nercessian
- UMR 6539, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Seyfried WE, Seewald JS, Berndt ME, Ding K, Foustoukos DI. Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. E. Seyfried
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - J. S. Seewald
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - M. E. Berndt
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Kang Ding
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - D. I. Foustoukos
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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Varnes ES, Jakosky BM, McCollom TM. Biological potential of Martian hydrothermal systems. ASTROBIOLOGY 2003; 3:407-414. [PMID: 14577887 DOI: 10.1089/153110703769016479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A source of energy to power metabolism may be a limiting factor in the abundance and spatial distribution of past or extant life on Mars. Although a global average of chemical energy available for microbial metabolism and biomass production on Mars has been estimated previously, issues of how the energy is distributed and which particular environments have the greatest potential to support life remain unresolved. We address these issues using geochemical models to evaluate the amounts of chemical energy available in one potential biological environment, Martian hydrothermal systems. In these models, host rock compositions are based upon the compositions of Martian meteorites, which are reacted at high temperature with one of three groundwater compositions. For each model, the values for Gibbs energy of reactions that are important for terrestrial chemosynthetic organisms and likely representative for putative Martian microbes are calculated. Our results indicate that substantial amounts of chemical energy may be available in these systems, depending most sensitively upon the composition of the host rock. From the standpoint of sources of metabolic energy, it is likely that suitable environments exist to support Martian life.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Varnes
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Von Damm KL. Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9°-10°N, East Pacific Rise: “Time zero,” the immediate posteruptive period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCollom TM, Shock EL. Fluid-rock interactions in the lower oceanic crust: Thermodynamic models of hydrothermal alteration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb02603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Charlou JL, Fouquet Y, Donval JP, Auzende JM, Jean-Baptiste P, Stievenard M, Michel S. Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge: East Pacific Rise, 17° to 19°S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ding K, Seyfried WE. Gold as a hydrogen sensing electrode forin situ measurement of dissolved H2 in supercritical aqueous fluid. J SOLUTION CHEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00972990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shock EL, McCollom T, Schulte MD. Geochemical constraints on chemolithoautotrophic reactions in hydrothermal systems. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1995; 25:141-59. [PMID: 11536667 DOI: 10.1007/bf01581579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic calculations provide the means to quantify the chemical disequilibrium inherent in the mixing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with seawater. The chemical energy available for metabolic processes in these environments can be evaluated by taking into account the pressure and temperature dependence of the apparent standard Gibbs free energies of reactions in the S-H2-H2O system together with geochemical constraints on pH, activities of aqueous sulfur species and fugacities of H2 and/or O2. Using present-day mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater as a starting point, it is shown that each mole of H2S entering seawater from hydrothermal fluids represents about 200,000 calories of chemical energy for metabolic systems able to catalyze H2S oxidation. Extrapolating to the early Earth, which was likely to have had an atmosphere more reduced than at present, shows that this chemical energy may have been a factor of two or so less. Nevertheless, mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater would have been an abundant source of chemical energy, and an inevitable consequence of the presence of an ocean on an initially hot Earth. The amount of energy available was more than enough for organic synthesis from CO2 or CO, and/or polymer formation, indicating that the vicinity of hydrothermal systems at the sea floor was an ideal location for the emergence of the first chemolithoautotrophic metabolic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Shock
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Edmond JM, Campbell AC, Palmer MR, Klinkhammer GP, German CR, Edmonds HN, Elderfield H, Thompson G, Rona P. Time series studies of vent fluids from the TAG and MARK sites (1986, 1990) Mid-Atlantic Ridge: a new solution chemistry model and a mechanism for Cu/Zn zonation in massive sulphide orebodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.087.01.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Klinkhammer GP, Chin CS, Wilson C, German CR. Venting from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37°17′N: the Lucky Strike hydrothermal site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.087.01.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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German CR, Angel MV. Hydrothermal fluxes of metals to the oceans: a comparison with anthropogenic discharge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.087.01.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Elderfield H, Greaves MJ, Rudnicki MD, Hydes DJ. Aluminum reactivity in hydrothermal plumes at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chan LH, Edmond JM, Thompson G. A lithium isotope study of hot springs and metabasalts from Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kelley DS, Robinson PT, Malpas JG. Processes of brine generation and circulation in the oceanic crust: Fluid inclusion evidence from the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Water column anomalies associated with hydrothermal activity between 11°40′ and 13°N on the East Pacific rise: discrepancies between tracers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(91)90064-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shock EL. Geochemical constraints on the origin of organic compounds in hydrothermal systems. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01808115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tivey MK, McDuff RE. Mineral precipitation in the walls of black smoker chimneys: A quantitative model of transport and chemical reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib08p12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anderson RN, Alt JC, Malpas J, Lovell MA, Harvey PK, Pratson EL. Geochemical well logging in basalts: The Palisades Sill and the oceanic crust of Hole 504B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib06p09265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Butterfield DA, Massoth GJ, McDuff RE, Lupton JE, Lilley MD. Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from Axial Seamount hydrothermal emissions study vent field, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Subseafloor boiling and subsequent fluid-rock interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib08p12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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