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Akaogi M, Kusaba K, Susaki JI, Yagi T, Matsui M, Kikegawa T, Yusa H, Ito E. High-Pressure High-Temperature Stability of αPbO 2-Type TiO 2and MgSiO 3Majorite: Calorimetric and in SituX-Ray Diffraction Studies. HIGH-PRESSURE RESEARCH: APPLICATION TO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm067p0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Navrotsky A. Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/rf002p0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Solomatov VS, Stevenson DJ. Nonfractional crystallization of a terrestrial magma ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yuen DA, Hansen U, Zhao W, Vincent AP, Malevsky AV. Hard turbulent thermal convection and thermal evolution of the mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Akaogi M, Yusa H, Shiraishi K, Suzuki T. Thermodynamic properties of α-quartz, coesite, and stishovite and equilibrium phase relations at high pressures and high temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angel RJ, Hugh-Jones DA. Equations of state and thermodynamic properties of enstatite pyroxenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Buffett BA, Gable CW, O'Connell RJ. Linear stability of a layered fluid with mobile surface plates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang J, Herzberg C. Melting experiments on anhydrous peridotite KLB-1 from 5.0 to 22.5 GPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yusa H, Akaogi M, Ito E. Calorimetric study of MgSiO3garnet and pyroxene: Heat capacities, transition enthalpies, and equilibrium phase relations in MgSiO3at high pressures and temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang J, Liebermann RC, Gasparik T, Herzberg CT, Fei Y. Melting and subsolidus relations of SiO2at 9-14 GPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Swamy V, Saxena SK, Sundman B, Zhang J. A thermodynamic assessment of silica phase diagram. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Outer-core compositional stratification from observed core wave speed profiles. Nature 2010; 468:807-10. [PMID: 21150995 DOI: 10.1038/nature09636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Our knowledge of the structure of the Earth´s interior has been obtained by analysing seismic waves that travel in the Earth, and the reference Earth global models used by geophysicists are essentially seismological. Depth profiles of the seismic waves velocities reveal that the deep Earth is divided in several shells, separated by velocity and density discontinuities. The main discontinuity located at a depth of 2900 km corresponds to the transition between the mantle and the core. The Earth´s mantle can be further divided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle, with a transition zone characterised by two prominent increases in velocities observed at 410- and 660-km depths. This article will be focused on the mineral phases of the Earth´s mantle. The interpretation of seismological models in terms of chemical composition and temperature relies on the knowledge of the nature, structure and elastic properties of the candidate materials. We will describe to what extent recent advances in experimental mineral physics and X-ray diffraction have yielded essential knowledge on the structure and high-pressure high-temperature behaviour of pertinent materials, and major improvements in our understanding of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the Earth´s mantle.
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Mosenfelder JL, Asimow PD, Ahrens TJ. Thermodynamic properties of Mg2SiO4liquid at ultra-high pressures from shock measurements to 200 GPa on forsterite and wadsleyite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stixrude L. Mineralogy and elasticity of the oceanic upper mantle: Origin of the low-velocity zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb002965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Luo SN, Akins JA, Ahrens TJ, Asimow PD. Shock-compressed MgSiO3glass, enstatite, olivine, and quartz: Optical emission, temperatures, and melting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nian Luo
- Plasma Physics (P-24) and Earth and Environmental Sciences (EES-11); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
- Lindhurst Laboratory of Experimental Geophysics, Seismological Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Joseph A. Akins
- Lindhurst Laboratory of Experimental Geophysics, Seismological Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Thomas J. Ahrens
- Lindhurst Laboratory of Experimental Geophysics, Seismological Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Paul D. Asimow
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Fei Y, Van Orman J, Li J, van Westrenen W, Sanloup C, Minarik W, Hirose K, Komabayashi T, Walter M, Funakoshi K. Experimentally determined postspinel transformation boundary in Mg2SiO4using MgO as an internal pressure standard and its geophysical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Fei
- Geophysical Laboratory; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Washington DC USA
| | - J. Van Orman
- Geophysical Laboratory; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Washington DC USA
| | - J. Li
- Geophysical Laboratory; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Washington DC USA
| | - W. van Westrenen
- Geophysical Laboratory; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Washington DC USA
| | - C. Sanloup
- Geophysical Laboratory; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Washington DC USA
| | - W. Minarik
- Geophysical Laboratory; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Washington DC USA
| | - K. Hirose
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Komabayashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Walter
- Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior; Okayama University; Misasa Japan
| | - K. Funakoshi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8; Hyogo Japan
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Abstract
Seismological images of the Earth's mantle reveal three distinct changes in velocity structure, at depths of 410, 660 and 2,700 km. The first two are best explained by mineral phase transformations, whereas the third-the D" layer-probably reflects a change in chemical composition and thermal structure. Tomographic images of cold slabs in the lower mantle, the displacements of the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities around subduction zones, and the occurrence of small-scale heterogeneities in the lower mantle all indicate that subducted material penetrates the deep mantle, implying whole-mantle convection. In contrast, geochemical analyses of the basaltic products of mantle melting are frequently used to infer that mantle convection is layered, with the deeper mantle largely isolated from the upper mantle. We show that geochemical, seismological and heat-flow data are all consistent with whole-mantle convection provided that the observed heterogeneities are remnants of recycled oceanic and continental crust that make up about 16 and 0.3 per cent, respectively, of mantle volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Helffrich
- Earth and Planetary Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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Sobolev NV, Fursenko BA, Goryainov SV, Shu J, Hemley RJ, Mao A, Boyd FR. Fossilized high pressure from the Earth's deep interior: the coesite-in-diamond barometer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:11875-9. [PMID: 11035808 PMCID: PMC17262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.220408697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral inclusions in diamonds provide an important source of information about the composition of the continental lithosphere at depths exceeding 120-150 km, i.e., within the diamond stability field. Fossilized high pressures in coesite inclusions from a Venezuela diamond have been identified and measured by using laser Raman and synchrotron x-ray microanalytical techniques. Micro-Raman measurements on an intact inclusion of remnant vibrational band shifts give a high confining pressure of 3.62 (+/-0.18) GPa. Synchrotron single-crystal diffraction measurements of the volume compression are in accord with the Raman results and also revealed direct structural information on the state of the inclusion. In contrast to olivine and garnet inclusions, the thermoelasticity of coesite favors accurate identification of pressure preservation. Owing to the unique combination of physical properties of coesite and diamond, this "coesite-in-diamond" geobarometer is virtually independent of temperature, allowing an estimation of the initial pressure of Venezuela diamond formation of 5.5 (+/-0.5) GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Sobolev
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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The stability of almandine at high pressures and temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm101p0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Bertka CM, Fei Y. Mineralogy of the Martian interior up to core-mantle boundary pressures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Although enstatite is a major constituent of the Earth's upper mantle and subducting lithosphere, most kinetic studies of olivine phase transformations have typically involved single-phase polycrystalline aggregates. Transmission electron microscopy investigations of olivine to spinel and modified spinel (beta phase) reactions in the (Mg, Fe)(2)SiO(4)-(Mg,Fe)SiO(3) system show that transformation of olivine in the stability field of spinel plus phase begins with coherent nucleation of spinel on high-clinoenstatite grains. These observations demonstrate that high clinoenstatite can catalyze the transformation by enhancing nucleation kinetics and therefore imply that secondary phases can influence reaction kinetics during high-pressure mineral transformations.
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Abstract
Recent high-pressure experiments and thermodynamic calculations have shown that the Clapeyron slope of the spinel-perovskite phase transition at a depth of 660 kilometers in the Earth's mantle changes from negative to positive at temperatures above 1700 degrees to 2000 degrees C. In numerical experiments that account for this phase behavior, cold downwelling flows were impeded at the phase boundary, but hot plumes ascended to the upper mantle with ease. The resultant mantle convection was partially layered and strongly time-dependent. Mantle layering was weaker when the mantle was hotter and when the Rayleigh number was larger.
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Bina CR, Helffrich G. Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angel RJ, Chopelas A, Ross NL. Stability of high-density clinoenstatite at upper-mantle pressures. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/358322a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saxena SK, Shen G. Assessed data on heat capacity, thermal expansion, and compressibility for some oxides and silicates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu M, Yuen DA, Zhao W, Honda S. Development of Diapiric Structures in the Upper Mantle Due to Phase Transitions. Science 1991; 252:1836-9. [PMID: 17753261 DOI: 10.1126/science.252.5014.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state phase transitions in time-dependent mantle convection can induce diapiric flows in the upper mantle. When a deep mantle plume rises toward phase boundaries in the upper mantle, the changes in the local thermal buoyancy, local heat capacity, and latent heat associated with the phase change at a depth of 670 kilometers tend to pinch off the plume head from the feeding stem and form a diapir. This mechanism may explain episodic hot spot volcanism. The nature of the multiple phase boundaries at the boundary between the upper and lower mantle may control the fate of deep mantle plumes, allowing hot plumes to go through and retarding the tepid ones.
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Fei Y, Mao HK, Mysen BO. Experimental determination of element partitioning and calculation of phase relations in the MgO-FeO-SiO2system at high pressure and high temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jb02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ito E, Akaogi M, Topor L, Navrotsky A. Negative Pressure-Temperature Slopes for Reactions Formign MgSiO
3
Perovskite from Calorimetry. Science 1990; 249:1275-8. [PMID: 17835541 DOI: 10.1126/science.249.4974.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A new and sensitive differential drop solution calorimetric technique was developed for very small samples. A single experiment using one 5.18-milligram sample of perovskite, synthesized at 25 gigapascals and 1873 Kelvin, gave 110.1 +/- 4.1 kilojoules per mole for the enthalpy of the ilmenite-pervoskite transition in MgSiO(3). The thermodynamics of the reaction of MgSiO(3) (ilmenite) to MgSiO(3) (perovskite) and of Mg(2)SiO(4) (spinel) to MgSiO(3) (pervoskite) and MgO (periclase) were assessed. Despite uncertainties in heat capacity and molar volume at high pressure and temperature, both reactions clearly have negative pressure-temperature slopes, -0.005 +/- 0.002 and -0.004 +/- 0.002 gigapascals per Kelvin, respectively. The latter may be insufficiently negative to preclude whole-mantle convection.
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Gillet P, Le Cléac'h A, Madon M. High-temperature raman spectroscopy of SiO2and GeO2Polymorphs: Anharmonicity and thermodynamic properties at high-temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib13p21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stixrude L, Bukowinski MST. Fundamental thermodynamic relations and silicate melting with implications for the constitution ofD″. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib12p19311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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