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Recognition of Sedimentary Rock Occurrences in Satellite and Aerial Images of Other Worlds—Insights from Mars. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13214296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentary rocks provide records of past surface and subsurface processes and environments. The first step in the study of the sedimentary rock record of another world is to learn to recognize their occurrences in images from instruments aboard orbiting, flyby, or aerial platforms. For two decades, Mars has been known to have sedimentary rocks; however, planet-wide identification is incomplete. Global coverage at 0.25–6 m/pixel, and observations from the Curiosity rover in Gale crater, expand the ability to recognize Martian sedimentary rocks. No longer limited to cases that are light-toned, lightly cratered, and stratified—or mimic original depositional setting (e.g., lithified deltas)—Martian sedimentary rocks include dark-toned examples, as well as rocks that are erosion-resistant enough to retain small craters as well as do lava flows. Breakdown of conglomerates, breccias, and even some mudstones, can produce a pebbly regolith that imparts a “smooth” appearance in satellite and aerial images. Context is important; sedimentary rocks remain challenging to distinguish from primary igneous rocks in some cases. Detection of ultramafic, mafic, or andesitic compositions do not dictate that a rock is igneous, and clast genesis should be considered separately from the depositional record. Mars likely has much more sedimentary rock than previously recognized.
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Milbury C, Schubert G, Raymond CA, Smrekar SE, Langlais B. The history of Mars' dynamo as revealed by modeling magnetic anomalies near Tyrrhenus Mons and Syrtis Major. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012je004099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Crown DA, Greeley R. Volcanic geology of Hadriaca Patera and the eastern Hellas region of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92je02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Glaze LS, Baloga SM, Wimert J. Explosive volcanic eruptions from linear vents on Earth, Venus, and Mars: Comparisons with circular vent eruptions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ivanov MA, Korteniemi J, Kostama VP, Raitala J, Törmänen T, Neukum G. Major episodes in the geologic history of western Promethei Terra, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mandt KE, de Silva SL, Zimbelman JR, Crown DA. Origin of the Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars: Insights from a synoptic approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Williams DA, Greeley R, Werner SC, Michael G, Crown DA, Neukum G, Raitala J. Tyrrhena Patera: Geologic history derived fromMars ExpressHigh Resolution Stereo Camera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Williams DA, Greeley R, Zuschneid W, Werner SC, Neukum G, Crown DA, Gregg TKP, Gwinner K, Raitala J. Hadriaca Patera: Insights into its volcanic history from Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van Gasselt S, Hauber E, Neukum G. Cold-climate modification of Martian landscapes: A case study of a spatulate debris landform in the Hellas Montes Region, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Hiesinger H, Head JW, Neukum G. Young lava flows on the eastern flank of Ascraeus Mons: Rheological properties derived from High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) images and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Newsom HE, Crumpler LS, Reedy RC, Petersen MT, Newsom GC, Evans LG, Taylor GJ, Keller JM, Janes DM, Boynton WV, Kerry KE, Karunatillake S. Geochemistry of Martian soil and bedrock in mantled and less mantled terrains with gamma ray data from Mars Odyssey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mouginis-Mark PJ, Christensen PR. New observations of volcanic features on Mars from the THEMIS instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hauber E, van Gasselt S, Ivanov B, Werner S, Head JW, Neukum G, Jaumann R, Greeley R, Mitchell KL, Muller P. Discovery of a flank caldera and very young glacial activity at Hecates Tholus, Mars. Nature 2005; 434:356-61. [PMID: 15772654 DOI: 10.1038/nature03423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The majority of volcanic products on Mars are thought to be mafic and effusive. Explosive eruptions of basic to ultrabasic chemistry are expected to be common, but evidence for them is rare and mostly confined to very old surface features. Here we present new image and topographic data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera that reveal previously unknown traces of an explosive eruption at 30 degrees N and 149 degrees E on the northwestern flank of the shield volcano Hecates Tholus. The eruption created a large, 10-km-diameter caldera approximately 350 million years ago. We interpret these observations to mean that large-scale explosive volcanism on Mars was not confined to the planet's early evolution. We also show that glacial deposits partly fill the caldera and an adjacent depression. Their age, derived from crater counts, is about 5 to 24 million years. Climate models predict that near-surface ice is not stable at mid-latitudes today, assuming a thermo-dynamic steady state. Therefore, the discovery of very young glacial features at Hecates Tholus suggests recent climate changes. We show that the absolute ages of these very recent glacial deposits correspond very well to a period of increased obliquity of the planet's rotational axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Hauber
- Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Crown DA, Bleamaster LF, Mest SC. Styles and timing of volatile-driven activity in the eastern Hellas region of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ivanov MA, Korteniemi J, Kostama VP, Aittola M, Raitala J, Glamoclija M, Marinangeli L, Neukum G. Major episodes of the hydrologic history in the region of Hesperia Planum, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Leverington DW. Volcanic rilles, streamlined islands, and the origin of outflow channels on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hynek BM. Explosive volcanism in the Tharsis region: Global evidence in the Martian geologic record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hynek BM. Geologic setting and origin of Terra Meridiani hematite deposit on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fagents SA, Lanagan P, Greeley R. Rootless cones on Mars: a consequence of lava-ground ice interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.202.01.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFields of small cratered cones on Mars are interpreted to have formed by rootless eruptions due to explosive interaction of lava with ground ice contained within the regolith beneath the flow. Melting and vaporization of the ice, and subsequent explosive expansion of the vapour, act to excavate the lava and construct a rootless cone around the explosion site. Similar features are found in Iceland, where flowing lavas encountered water-saturated substrates. The martian cones have basal diameters of c. 30–1000 m and are located predominantly in the northern volcanic plains. High-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera images offer significant improvements over Viking data for interpretation of cone origins. A new model of the dynamics of cone formation indicates that very modest amounts of water ice are required to initiate and sustain the explosive interactions that produced the observed features. This is consistent with the likely low availability of water ice in the martian regolith. The scarcity of impact craters on many of the host lava flows indicates very young ages, suggesting that ground ice was present as recently as <10–100 Ma, and may persist today. Rootless cones therefore act as a spatial and temporal probe of the distribution of ground ice on Mars, which is of key significance in understanding the evolution of the martian climate. The location of water in liquid or solid form is of great importance to future robotic and human exploration strategies, and to the search for extraterrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Fagents
- Department of Geological Sciences
Box 871404, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology/SOEST, University of Hawaii at Manoa
2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - P. Lanagan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - R. Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences
Box 871404, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA
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Malin MC, Edgett KS. Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hort M, Weitz CM. Theoretical modeling of eruption plumes on Mars under current and past climates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stewart EM, Head JW. Ancient Martian volcanoes in the Aeolis region: New evidence from MOLA data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Carruthers MW, McGill GE. Evidence for igneous activity and implications for the origin of a fretted channel in southern Ismenius Lacus, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Edgett KS, Butler BJ, Zimbelman JR, Hamilton VE. Geologic context of the Mars radar “Stealth” region in southwestern Tharsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Volcanic eruptions of gassy magmas on Earth, Venus, and Mars produce plumes with markedly different fluid dynamics regimes. In large part the differences are caused by the differing atmospheric pressures and ratios of volcanic vent pressure to atmospheric pressure. For each of these planets, numerical simulations of an eruption of magma containing 4 weight percent gas were run on a workstation. On Venus the simulated eruption of a pressure-balanced plume formed a dense fountain over the vent and continuous pyroclastic flows. On Earth and Mars, simulated pressure-balanced plumes produced ash columns, ash falls, and possible small pyroclastic flows. An overpressured plume, illustrated for Mars, exhibited a complex supersonic velocity structure and internal shocks.
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Tanaka KL, Leonard GJ. Geology and landscape evolution of the Hellas region of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thornhill GD, Rothery DA, Murray JB, Cook AC, Day T, Muller JP, Iliffe JC. Topography of Apollinaris Patera and Ma'adim Vallis: Automated extraction of digital elevation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93je03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zuber MT, Smith DE, Solomon SC, Muhleman DO, Head JW, Garvin JB, Abshire JB, Bufton JL. The Mars Observer laser altimeter investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92je00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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