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Galantini L, Lapierre JF, Maranger R. How Are Greenhouse Gases Coupled Across Seasons in a Large Temperate River with Differential Land Use? Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu SC, Cicerone RJ, Donahue TM, Chameides WL. Sources and sinks of atmospheric N 2O and the possible ozone reduction due to industrial fixed nitrogen fertilizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v29i3.11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Liu
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Science, Space Physics Research Laboratory, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A
| | - R. J. Cicerone
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Science, Space Physics Research Laboratory, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A
| | - T. M. Donahue
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Science, Space Physics Research Laboratory, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A
| | - W. L. Chameides
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Science, Space Physics Research Laboratory, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Hahn
- Max-Plunck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, W.-Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Junge
- Max Planck-Institut für Ch emie (Otto-Hahn-Institut), Mainz, BRD
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Pierotti D, Rasmussen RA. Nitrous oxide measurements in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v32i1.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pierotti
- Atmospheric Trace Gas Laboratory, Environmental Science Department, Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - R. A. Rasmussen
- Atmospheric Trace Gas Laboratory, Environmental Science Department, Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
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Wofsy SC, McElroy MB. On vertical mixing in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc078i015p02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Johnston HS. Analysis of the independent variables in the perturbation of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen fertilizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc082i012p01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vupputuri RKR. Seasonal and latitudinal variations of N2O and NOxin the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc080i009p01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prinn RG, Alyea FN, Cunnold DM. Stratospheric distributions of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen in a two-dimensional model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc080i036p04997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ehhalt DH, Roper N, Moore HE. Vertical profiles of nitrous oxide in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc080i012p01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Seiler W, Warneck P. Decrease of the carbon monoxide mixing ratio at the tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc077i018p03204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ehhalt DH. Turnover times of137Cs and HTO in the troposphere and removal rates of natural aerosol particles and water vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jc078i030p07076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Vupputuri RKR. The steady‐state structure of the natural stratosphere and ozone distribution in a 2‐D model incorporating radiation and O‐H‐N photochemistry and the effects of stratospheric pollutants. ATMOSPHERE 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00046973.1976.9648418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Biermann HW, Zetzsch C, Stuhl F. Rate Constant for the Reaction of OH with N2O at 298 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19760800916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hübner H. Wird der Ozonschild der Erde durch den zuchmeden Stickstoff-Düngemittelverbrauch zerstört ? — Ein Beitrag der Isotopenforschung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10256018108544572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Hübner
- a Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung der Akademic der Wissenschaften der DDR , 7030 Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15
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Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation creates an ozone layer in the atmosphere which in turn completely absorbs the most energetic fraction of this radiation. This process both warms the air, creating the stratosphere between 15 and 50 km altitude, and protects the biological activities at the Earth's surface from this damaging radiation. In the last half-century, the chemical mechanisms operating within the ozone layer have been shown to include very efficient catalytic chain reactions involving the chemical species HO, HO2, NO, NO2, Cl and ClO. The NOX and ClOX chains involve the emission at Earth's surface of stable molecules in very low concentration (N2O, CCl2F2, CCl3F, etc.) which wander in the atmosphere for as long as a century before absorbing ultraviolet radiation and decomposing to create NO and Cl in the middle of the stratospheric ozone layer. The growing emissions of synthetic chlorofluorocarbon molecules cause a significant diminution in the ozone content of the stratosphere, with the result that more solar ultraviolet-B radiation (290-320 nm wavelength) reaches the surface. This ozone loss occurs in the temperate zone latitudes in all seasons, and especially drastically since the early 1980s in the south polar springtime-the 'Antarctic ozone hole'. The chemical reactions causing this ozone depletion are primarily based on atomic Cl and ClO, the product of its reaction with ozone. The further manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons has been banned by the 1992 revisions of the 1987 Montreal Protocol of the United Nations. Atmospheric measurements have confirmed that the Protocol has been very successful in reducing further emissions of these molecules. Recovery of the stratosphere to the ozone conditions of the 1950s will occur slowly over the rest of the twenty-first century because of the long lifetime of the precursor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sherwood Rowland
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Zander R, Ehhalt DH, Rinsland CP, Schmidt U, Mahieu E, Rudolph J, Demoulin P, Roland G, Delbouille L, Sauval AJ. Secular trend and seasonal variability of the column abundance of N2O above the Jungfraujoch station determined from IR solar spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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A five-year climatology of back-trajectories from the Izaña baseline station, Tenerife, Canary Islands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90040-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jackman CH, Guthrie PD. Sensitivity of N2O, CFCl3, and CF2Cl2two-dimensional distributions to O2absorption cross sections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/jd090id02p03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Levine JS, Allario F. The global troposphere: Biogeochemical cycles, chemistry, and remote sensing. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1982; 1:263-306. [PMID: 24264018 DOI: 10.1007/bf00676926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the troposphere is controlled by various biogeochemical cycles that couple the atmosphere with the oceans, the solid Earth and the biosphere, and by atmospheric photochemical/chemical reactions. These cycles and reactions are discussed and a number of key questions concerning tropospheric composition and chemistry for the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur species are identified. Next, we review various remote sensing techniques and instruments capable of measuring and monitoring tropospheric species from the ground, aircraft and space to address some of these key questions. We also consider future thrusts in remote sensing of the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Levine
- NASA Langley Research Center, 23665, Hampton, Virginia, U.S.A
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Muramatsu H, Hirota M, Makino Y. Gas-chromatographic Measurements of Dinitrogen Oxide in Air. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1982. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.55.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Coffey MT, Mankin WG, Goldman A. Simultaneous spectroscopic determination of the latitudinal, seasonal, and diurnal variability of stratospheric N2O, NO, NO2, and HNO3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/jc086ic08p07331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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PIEROTTI DAVID, RASMUSSEN RA. Nitrous oxide measurements in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb01722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Roy CR. Atmospheric nitrous oxide in the mid-latitudes of the southern hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1029/jc084ic07p03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Simmonds P. Direct determination of ambient carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide with a high-temperature 63Ni electron-capture detector. J Chromatogr A 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Hirota M. Gas-chromatographic Measurements of Nitrous Oxide(N2O) in Air Using a Molecular Sieve Trap. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1978. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.51.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Goldan PD, Bush YA, Fehsenfeld FC, Albritton DL, Crutzen PJ, Schmeltekopf AL, Ferguson EE. Tropospheric N2O mixing ratio measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1029/jc083ic02p00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crutzen PJ, Isaksen ISA, McAfee JR. The impact of the chlorocarbon industry on the ozone layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1029/jc083ic01p00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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LIU SC, CICERONE RJ, DONAHUE TM, CHAMEIDES WL. Sources and sinks of atmospheric N2O and the possible ozone reduction due to industrial fixed nitrogen fertilizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang WC, Yung YL, Lacis AA, Mo T, Hansen JE. Greenhouse Effects due to Man-Mad Perturbations of Trace Gases. Science 1976; 194:685-90. [PMID: 17832523 DOI: 10.1126/science.194.4266.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide, methane, ammonia, and a number of other trace constituents in the earth's atmosphere have infrared absorption bands in the spectral region 7 to 14 microm and contribute to the atmospheric greenhouse effect. The concentrations of these trace gases may undergo substantial changes because of man's activities. Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and combustion of fossil fuels may perturb the nitrogen cycle, leading to increases in atmospheric N(2)O, and the same perturbing processes may increase the amounts of atmospheric CH(4) and NH(3). We use a one-dimensional radiative-convective model for the atmospheric thermal structure to compute the change in the surface temperature of the earth for large assumed increases in the trace gas concentrations; doubling the N(2)O, CH(4), and NH(3) concentrations is found to cause additive increases in the surface temperature of 0.7 degrees , 0.3 degrees , and 0.1 degrees K, respectively. These systematic effects on the earth's radiation budget would have substantial climatic significance. It is therefore important that the abundances of these trace gases be accurately monitored to determine the actual trends of their concentrations.
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Nien Dak Sze, Mao Fou Wu. Measurements of fluorocarbons 11 and 12 and model validation: An assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(76)90121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chameides WL, Walker JCG. Stratospheric Ozone: The Possible Effects of Tropospheric-Stratospheric Feedback. Science 1975. [DOI: 10.1126/science.190.4221.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Molina MJ, Rowland FS. Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone. Nature 1974. [DOI: 10.1038/249810a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3152] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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