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Zhang T, Wang Z, Wang L, Li J, Wang J. Quantitative determination of tip undercooling of faceted sea ice with in situexperiments. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:36LT01. [PMID: 34171845 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0ea5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sea ice growth with lamellar microstructure containing brine channels has been extensively investigated. However, the quantitative growth information of sea ice remains lack due to the uncontrolled crystalline orientation in previous investigations. For the first time, wein situobserved the unidirectional growth of lamellar sea ice with well-manipulated ice crystal orientation and visualized tip undercooling of lamellar sea ice. With the real-time observation, interesting phenomena of doublon tip in cellular ice growth and growth direction shift of unidirectionally grown ice tip are discovered for the first time, which are attributed to the complex solutal diffusion and anisotropic interface kinetics in ice growth. The quantitative experiments provide a clear micro scenario of sea ice growth, and are suggested to promote relevant investigations of sea ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
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Denny M, Dorgan KM, Evangelista D, Hettinger A, Leichter J, Ruder WC, Tuval I. Anchor ice and benthic disturbance in shallow Antarctic waters: interspecific variation in initiation and propagation of ice crystals. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 221:155-163. [PMID: 22042434 DOI: 10.1086/bblv221n2p155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sea ice typically forms at the ocean's surface, but given a source of supercooled water, an unusual form of ice--anchor ice--can grow on objects in the water column or at the seafloor. For several decades, ecologists have considered anchor ice to be an important agent of disturbance in the shallow-water benthic communities of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and potentially elsewhere in polar seas. Divers have documented anchor ice in the McMurdo communities, and its presence coincides with reduced abundance of the sponge Homaxinella balfourensis, which provides habitat for a diverse assemblage of benthic organisms. However, the mechanism of this disturbance has not been explored. Here we show interspecific differences in anchor-ice formation and propagation characteristics for Antarctic benthic organisms. The sponges H. balfourensis and Suberites caminatus show increased incidence of formation and accelerated spread of ice crystals compared to urchins and sea stars. Anchor ice also forms readily on sediments, from which it can grow and adhere to organisms. Our results are consistent with, and provide a potential first step toward, an explanation for disturbance patterns observed in shallow polar benthic communities. Interspecific differences in ice formation raise questions about how surface tissue characteristics such as surface area, rugosity, and mucus coating affect ice formation on invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Denny
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA.
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Horgan HJ, Walker RT, Anandakrishnan S, Alley RB. Surface elevation changes at the front of the Ross Ice Shelf: Implications for basal melting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jc006192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Freezing avoidance of the Antarctic icefishes (Channichthyidae) across thermal gradients in the Southern Ocean. Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jin Y, DeVries AL. Antifreeze glycoprotein levels in Antarctic notothenioid fishes inhabiting different thermal environments and the effect of warm acclimation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 144:290-300. [PMID: 16725360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A quantification method was developed to determine the concentrations of the major antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) isoforms in the blood of Antarctic notothenioid fishes. Serum samples were precipitated with 2.5% TCA and the supernatant containing AFGPs were chromatographed on an HPLC size exclusion column and the concentrations of the major AFGP size classes were determined from the areas of the corresponding peaks in the elution profile. Eight species of Antarctic notothenioid fishes were examined and their blood AFGP concentrations varied from 5 to 35 mg/mL. All of these fishes synthesized both the large and small AFGPs, but maintained higher levels of small AFGPs than the large ones in their blood. The species inhabiting more severe water environments (lower temperature and presence of ice) had higher serum AFGP levels than those in milder environments. The cryopelagic Pagothenia borchgrevinki decreased their blood AFGP concentrations in response to warm acclimation, but to a much lower extent in comparison to the antifreeze-bearing fishes in the Northern Hemisphere. After being warm acclimated at +4 degrees C for 16 weeks, the serum concentrations of the small and large AFGPs were decreased by about 60% and 20%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Jin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA
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DeVries AL, Steffensen JF. The Arctic and Antarctic Polar Marine Environments. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(04)22001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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MacAyeal DR. Evolution of tidally triggered meltwater plumes below ice shelves. OCEANOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ar043p0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Kurtz DD, Bromwich DH. A recurring, atmospherically forced polynya in Terra Nova Bay. OCEANOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ar043p0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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MacAyeal DR. Tidal rectification below the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. OCEANOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ar043p0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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El-Sayed SZ, Biggs DC, Holm-Hansen O. Phytoplankton standing crop, primary productivity, and near-surface nitrogenous nutrient fields in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(83)90005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schumacher JD, Aagaard K, Pease CH, Tripp RB. Effects of a shelf polynya on flow and water properties in the northern Bering Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jc088ic05p02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Foster TD. The temperature and salinity fine structure of the ocean under the Ross Ice Shelf. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jc088ic04p02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wakatsuchi M, Ono N. Measurements of salinity and volume of brine excluded from growing sea ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jc088ic05p02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lewis EL, Perkin RG. Supercooling and energy exchange near the Arctic Ocean surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jc088ic12p07681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobs SS, Huppert HE, Holdsworth G, Drewry DJ. Thermohaline steps induced by melting of the Erebus Glacier Tongue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/jc086ic07p06547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
A hole was drilled through the Ross Ice Shelf 450 kilometers from the barrier. Scientific sampling through this hole revealed a sparse population of crustaceans, fish, and microbial biomass. The seabed consists of mid-Miocene glaciomarine mud. Geothermal heat flow is average. Oceanographic data indicate an active circulation and melting at the base of the ice.
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Abstract
Thermohaline observations in the water column beneath the Ross Ice Shelf and along its terminal face show significant vertical stratification, active horizontal circulation, and net melting at the ice shelf base. Heat is supplied by seawater that moves southward beneath the ice shelf from a central warm core and from a western region of high salinity. The near-freezing Ice Shelf Water produced flows northward into the Ross Sea.
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Abstract
Two temperature profiles recorded by a sensitive bathythermograph at the Ross Ice Shelf Project site (82 degrees 22.5'S, 168 degrees 37.5'W) are presented. From the shape of the profiles it is concluded that an inflow of water at intermediate depths provides a source of heat to drive a regime in which ice is melted from the interface at a depth of 360 meters. Melting maintains the temperature of a thick layer under the ice at about -2.14 degrees C, close to the ambient freezing temperature. A very well mixed layer about 35 meters thick was found at the seabed.
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Carmack EC, Foster TD. Circulation and distribution of oceanographic properties near the Filchner Ice Shelf. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0011-7471(75)90097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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