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High-Resolution Measurements of SO2, HNO3 and HCl at the Urban Environment of Athens, Greece: Levels, Variability and Gas to Particle Partitioning. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric acid (HNO3), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were conducted in Athens, Greece, from 2014 to 2016 via a wet rotating annular denuder system paired with an ion chromatograph. Decreased mean annual levels of SO2 and HNO3 (equal to 3.3 ± 4.8 μg m−3 and 0.7 ± 0.6 μg m−3, respectively) were observed relative to the past, whereas for HCl (mean of 0.4 μg m−3 ) no such comparison was possible as the past measurements are very scarce. Regional and local emission sources regulated the SO2 levels and contributed to both the December and the July maxima of 6.6 μg m−3 and 5.5 μg m−3, respectively. Similarly, the significant enhancement at noon and during the winter nighttime was due to transported SO2 and residential heating, respectively. The oxidation of NO2 by OH radicals and the heterogeneous reactions of HNO3 on sea salt seemed to drive the HNO3 and HCl formation, respectively, whereas nighttime biomass burning affected only the former by almost 50%. During summer, the sulfate anions dominated over the SO2, in contrast to the chloride and nitrate ions that prevailed during the winter and were linked to the aerosol acidity that influences their lifetime as well as their impact on ecosystems.
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Sośnicka M, Lüders V. Phase transitions in natural C-O-H-N-S fluid inclusions - implications for gas mixtures and the behavior of solid H 2S at low temperatures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6975. [PMID: 34848726 PMCID: PMC8633383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
C-O-H-N-S-bearing fluids are known as one of the most challenging geochemical systems due to scarcity of available experimental data. H2S-rich fluid systems were recognized in a wide array of world-class mineral deposits and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Here we report on a nature of low-temperature (T ≥ -192 °C) phase transitions observed in natural CH4-H2S-CO2-N2-H2O fluid inclusions, which are modeled as closed thermodynamic systems and thus serve as natural micro-laboratories representative of the C-O-H-N-S system. For the first time, we document solid-solid H2S (α ↔ β ↔ γ) transitions, complex clathrates and structural transformations of solid state H2S in natural inclusion gas mixtures. The new data on Raman spectroscopic features and a complete sequence of phase transition temperatures in the gas mixtures contribute to scientific advancements in fluid geochemistry. Enhanced understanding of the phase equilibria in the C-O-H-N-S system is a prerequisite for conscientious estimation of P-T-V-X properties, necessary to model the geologic evolution of hydrocarbon and mineral systems. Our findings are a driver for the future research expeditions to extraterrestrial H2S-rich planetary systems owing to their low temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sośnicka
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany. .,Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749, Jena, Germany.
| | - Volker Lüders
- grid.23731.340000 0000 9195 2461GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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Fischer TP, Arellano S, Carn S, Aiuppa A, Galle B, Allard P, Lopez T, Shinohara H, Kelly P, Werner C, Cardellini C, Chiodini G. The emissions of CO 2 and other volatiles from the world's subaerial volcanoes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18716. [PMID: 31822683 PMCID: PMC6904619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volcanoes are the main pathway to the surface for volatiles that are stored within the Earth. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is of particular interest because of its potential for climate forcing. Understanding the balance of CO2 that is transferred from the Earth’s surface to the Earth’s interior, hinges on accurate quantification of the long-term emissions of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere. Here we present an updated evaluation of the world’s volcanic CO2 emissions that takes advantage of recent improvements in satellite-based monitoring of sulfur dioxide, the establishment of ground-based networks for semi-continuous CO2-SO2 gas sensing and a new approach to estimate key volcanic gas parameters based on magma compositions. Our results reveal a global volcanic CO2 flux of 51.3 ± 5.7 Tg CO2/y (11.7 × 1011 mol CO2/y) for non-eruptive degassing and 1.8 ± 0.9 Tg/y for eruptive degassing during the period from 2005 to 2015. While lower than recent estimates, this global volcanic flux implies that a significant proportion of the surface-derived CO2 subducted into the Earth’s mantle is either stored below the arc crust, is efficiently consumed by microbial activity before entering the deeper parts of the subduction system, or becomes recycled into the deep mantle to potentially form diamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias P Fischer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Santiago Arellano
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simon Carn
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Alessandro Aiuppa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, 36 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bo Galle
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Patrick Allard
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Taryn Lopez
- Geophysical Institute, Alaska Volcano Observatory, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | | | - Peter Kelly
- U.S. Geological Survey, David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA
| | - Cynthia Werner
- U.S. Geological Survey, David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA
| | - Carlo Cardellini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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McCormick BT, Edmonds M, Mather TA, Campion R, Hayer CSL, Thomas HE, Carn SA. Volcano monitoring applications of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1144/sp380.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a satellite-based ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer with unprecedented sensitivity to atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations. Since late 2004, OMI has provided a high-quality SO2 dataset with near-continuous daily global coverage. In this review, we discuss the principal applications of this dataset to volcano monitoring: (1) the detection and tracking of large eruption clouds, primarily for aviation hazard mitigation; and (2) the use of OMI data for long-term monitoring of volcanic degassing. This latter application is relatively novel, and despite showing some promise, requires further study into a number of key uncertainties. We discuss these uncertainties, and illustrate their potential impact on volcano monitoring with OMI through four new case studies. We also discuss potential future avenues of research using OMI data, with a particular emphasis on the need for greater integration between various monitoring strategies, instruments and datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. McCormick
- COMET+, National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Marie Edmonds
- COMET+, National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Tamsin A. Mather
- COMET+, National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Robin Campion
- Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Ave Roosevelt, CP160/02, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Catherine S. L. Hayer
- COMET+, National Centre for Earth Observation, Environmental Systems Science Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AL, UK
| | - Helen E. Thomas
- Department of Geological and Mining Sciences and Engineering, Michigan Technological, University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Simon A. Carn
- Department of Geological and Mining Sciences and Engineering, Michigan Technological, University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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Long-term sedimentary recycling of rare sulphur isotope anomalies. Nature 2013; 497:100-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Martin D, Ardouin B, Bergametti G, Carbonnelle J, Faivre-Pierret R, Lambert G, Le Cloarec MF, Sennequier G. Geochemistry of sulfur in Mount Etna plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib12p12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ágústsdóttir AM, Brantley SL. Volatile fluxes integrated over four decades at Grímsvötn volcano, Iceland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Realmuto VJ, Abrams MJ, Buongiorno MF, Pieri DC. The use of multispectral thermal infrared image data to estimate the sulfur dioxide flux from volcanoes: A case study from Mount Etna, Sicily, July 29, 1986. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rose WI, Heiken G, Wohletz K, Eppler D, Barr S, Miller T, Chuan RL, Symonds RB. Direct Rate Measurements of Eruption Plumes at Augustine Volcano: A Problem of Scaling and Uncontrolled Variables. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Textor C, Graf HF, Timmreck C, Robock A. Emissions from volcanoes. ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2167-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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11
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Satsumabayashi H. Effects of Miyake volcanic effluents on airborne particles and precipitation in central Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nriagu J, Becker C. Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: global and regional inventories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 304:3-12. [PMID: 12663167 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive, time-averaged inventory of subaerial emissions of mercury from volcanoes that were active between 1980 and 2000 is derived based on the Hg/SO(2) ratios of the exhalations. Worldwide flux of mercury from volcanic eruptions is estimated to be 57 t/year while the flux from degassing activities is 37.6 t/year. After correcting for 'unmeasured' SO(2) emissions, the total global flux of Hg to the atmosphere is estimated to be 112 t/year. There are regional differences in average emissions during the 20-year period, with the estimated fluxes being 29 t/year in South and Central America, 27 t/year in Southeast Asia; 24 t/year in North America (including Hawaii), 4.1 t/year in Australia, 3.4 t/year in Japan and northern Asia, 3.1 t/year in Europe and western Asia and 2.3 t/year in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Nriagu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Mather TA, Pyle DM, Oppenheimer C. Tropospheric volcanic aerosol. VOLCANISM AND THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/139gm12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractRecent studies suggest that the environmental effects of volcanic gas emissions in the lower troposphere have been underestimated. This chapter first briefly summarizes the techniques available for characterizing tropospheric volcanic gas plumes, including the composition and fluxes of emitted gases and aerosols, as well as their atmospheric dispersion. The second part documents the contribution of gas emissions from degassing craters to the composition of the atmosphere, including effects from dry and wet deposition chemistry. The third section deals with the detrimental impacts on vegetation, soils, and groundwater in relation to passive degassing activity. Improved understanding of the impacts of volcanic degassing on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment will require: (1) systematic two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of tropospheric volcanic plumes, (2) development of general physical and chemical models to describe the fate of volcanic gases and aerosols during transport in the troposphere, and (3) investigation of the response of diverse ecosystems to volcanogenic air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Delmelle
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Land Use Planning, Soil Sciences Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Abstract
AbstractVolcanic gas and aerosol surveillance yield important insights into magmatic, hydrothermal, and atmospheric processes. A range of optical sensing and sampling techniques has been applied to measurements of the composition and fluxes of volcanic emissions. In particular, the 30-year worldwide volcanological service record of the Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC) illustrates the point that robust, reliable, straightforward optical techniques are of tremendous interest to the volcano observatory and research community. This chapter reviews the field, in particular the newer and more versatile instruments capable of augmenting or superseding COSPEC, with the aim of stimulating their rapid adoption by the volcanological community. It focuses on sensors that can be operated from the ground, since they generally offer the most flexibility and sensitivity. The success of COSPEC underlines the point, however, that such devices should be comparatively cheap, and easy to use and maintain, if they are to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. S. McGonigle
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
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Kasting JF. Bolide impacts and the oxidation state of carbon in the Earth's early atmosphere. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2001; 20:199-231. [PMID: 11537523 DOI: 10.1007/bf01808105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A one-dimensional photochemical model was used to examine the effect of bolide impacts on the oxidation state of Earth's primitive atmosphere. The impact rate should have been high prior to 3.8 Ga before present, based on evidence derived from the Moon. Impacts of comets or carbonaceous asteroids should have enhanced the atmospheric CO/CO2 ratio by bringing in CO ice and/or organic carbon that can be oxidized to CO in the impact plume. Ordinary chondritic impactors would contain elemental iron that could have reacted with ambient CO2 to give CO. Nitric oxide (NO) should also have been produced by reaction between ambient CO2 and N2 in the hot impact plumes. High NO concentrations increase the atmospheric CO/CO2 ratio by increasing the rainout rate of oxidized gases. According to the model, atmospheric CO/CO2 ratios of unity or greater are possible during the first several hundred million years of Earth's history, provided that dissolved CO was not rapidly oxidized to bicarbonate in the ocean. Specifically, high atmospheric CO/CO2 ratios are possible if either: (1) the climate was cool (like today's climate), so that hydration of dissolved CO to formate was slow, or (2) the formate formed from CO was efficiently converted into volatile, reduced carbon compounds, such as methane. A high atmospheric CO/CO2 ratio may have helped to facilitate prebiotic synthesis by enhancing the production rates of hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde. Formaldehyde may have been produced even more efficiently by photochemical reduction of bicarbonate and formate in Fe(++)-rich surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Kasting
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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17
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Rattigan OV, Boniface J, Swartz E, Davidovits P, Jayne JT, Kolb CE, Worsnop DR. Uptake of gas-phase SO2in aqueous sulfuric acid: Oxidation by H2O2, O3, and HONO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Realmuto VJ, Worden HM. Impact of atmospheric water vapor on the thermal infrared remote sensing of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions: A case study from the Pu'u ‘O’ vent of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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The potential use of earth observing system data to monitor the passive emission of sulfur dioxide from volcanoes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm116p0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Ultraviolet remote sensing of volcanic emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm116p0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Andres RJ, Kasgnoc AD. A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulfur emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Realmuto VJ, Sutton AJ, Elias T. Multispectral thermal infrared mapping of sulfur dioxide plumes: A case study from the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Talbot RW, Scheuer EM, Lefer BL, Luke WT. Measurements of sulfur dioxide during GASIE with the mist chamber technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Graf HF, Feichter J, Langmann B. Volcanic sulfur emissions: Estimates of source strength and its contribution to the global sulfate distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Zielinski GA. Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosive volcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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A continuous flow instrument with flow regulation and automatic sensitivity range adaptation for the determination of atmospheric H2S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00324288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Anfossi D, Sacchetti D. Transport of Volcano Etna emissions towards the alpine region using ECMWF data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02506732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Whung PY, Saltzman ES, Spencer MJ, Mayewski PA, Gundestrup N. Two-hundred-year record of biogenic sulfur in a south Greenland ice core (20D). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Kyle PR, Sybeldon LM, McIntosh WC, Meeker K, Symonds R. Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Mount Erebus, Antarctica. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH SERIES 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/ar066p0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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31
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Bluth GJS, Schnetzler CC, Krueger AJ, Walter LS. The contribution of explosive volcanism to global atmospheric sulphur dioxide concentrations. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/366327a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gregory GL, Warren LS, Davis DD, Andreae MO, Bandy AR, Ferek RJ, Johnson JE, Saltzman ES, Cooper DJ. An intercomparison of instrumentation for tropospheric measurements of dimethyl sulfide: Aircraft results for concentrations at the parts-per-trillion level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gregory GL, Davis DD, Thornton DC, Johnson JE, Bandy AR, Saltzman ES, Andreae MO, Barrick JD. An intercomparison of aircraft instrumentation for tropospheric measurements of carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Hoell JM, Davis DD, Gregory GL, McNeal RJ, Bendura RJ, Drewry JW, Barrick JD, Kirchhoff VWJH, Motta AG, Navarro RL, Dorko WD, Owen DW. Operational overview of the NASA GTE/CITE 3 airborne instrument intercomparisons for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Kasting JF, Zahnle KJ, Pinto JP, Young AT. Sulfur, ultraviolet radiation, and the early evolution of life. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1989; 19:95-108. [PMID: 2685712 DOI: 10.1007/bf01808144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present biosphere is shielded from harmful solar near ultraviolet (UV) radiation by atmospheric ozone. We suggest here that elemental sulfur vapor could have played a similar role in an anoxic, ozone-free, primitive atmosphere. Sulfur vapor would have been produced photochemically from volcanogenic SO2 and H2S. It is composed of ring molecules, primarily S8, that absorb strongly throughout the near UV, yet are expected to be relatively stable against photolysis and chemical attack. It is also insoluble in water and would thus have been immune to rainout or surface deposition over the oceans. The concentration of S8 in the primitive atmosphere would have been limited by its saturation vapor pressure, which is a strong function of temperature. Hence, it would have depended on the magnitude of the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Surface temperatures of 45 degrees C or higher, corresponding to carbon dioxide partial pressures exceeding 2 bars, are required to sustain an effective UV screen. Two additional requirements are that the ocean was saturated with sulfite and bisulfite, and that linear S8 chains must tend to reform rings faster than they are destroyed by photolysis. A warm, sulfur-rich, primitive atmosphere is consistent with inferences drawn from molecular phylogeny, which suggest that some of the earliest organisms were thermophilic bacteria that metabolized elemental sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Kasting
- Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035
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Batifol F, Boutron C, de Angelis M. Changes in copper, zinc and cadmium concentration in Antarctic ice during the past 40,000 years. Nature 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/337544a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Time resolved data on the carbon isotopic composition of carbonate minerals and the sulfur isotopic composition or sulfate minerals show a strong negative correlation during the Cretaceous. Carbonate minerals are isotopically heavy during this period while sulfate minerals are isotopically light. The implication is that carbon is being transferred from the oxidized, carbonate reservoir to the reservoir of isotopically light reduced organic carbon in sedimentary rocks while sulfur is being transferred from the reservoir of isotopically light sedimentary sulfide to the oxidized, sulfate reservoir. These apparently oppositely directed changes in the oxidation state of average sedimentary carbon and sulfur are surprising because of a well-established and easy to understand correlation between the concentrations of reduced organic carbon and sulfide minerals in sedimentary rocks. Rocks rich in reduced carbon are also rich in reduced sulfur. The isotopic and concentration data can be reconciled by a model which invokes a significant flux of hydrothermal sulfide to the deep sea, at least during the Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Walker
- Space Physics Research Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Abstract
Tentative geochemical cycles for the pre-biologic Earth are developed by comparing the relative fluxes of oxygen, dissolved iron, and sulfide to the atmosphere and ocean. The flux of iron is found to exceed both the oxygen and the sulfide fluxes. Because of the insolubility of iron oxides and sulfides the implication is that dissolved iron was fairly abundant and that oxygen and sulfide were rare in the atmosphere and ocean. Sulfate, produced by the oxidation of volcanogenic sulfur gases, was the most abundant sulfur species in the ocean, but its concentration was low by modern standards because of the absence of the river-borne flux of dissolved sulfate produced by oxidative weathering of the continents. These findings are consistent with the geologic record of the isotopic composition of sedimentary sulfates and sulfides. Except in restricted environments, the sulfur metabolism of the earliest organisms probably involved oxidized sulfur species not sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Walker
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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