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Profile of Claire L. Parkinson. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17139-17141. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912448116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ji Q, Li F, Pang X, Luo C. Statistical Analysis of SSMIS Sea Ice Concentration Threshold at the Arctic Sea Ice Edge during Summer Based on MODIS and Ship-Based Observational Data. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041109. [PMID: 29621173 PMCID: PMC5948642 DOI: 10.3390/s18041109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The threshold of sea ice concentration (SIC) is the basis for accurately calculating sea ice extent based on passive microwave (PM) remote sensing data. However, the PM SIC threshold at the sea ice edge used in previous studies and released sea ice products has not always been consistent. To explore the representable value of the PM SIC threshold corresponding on average to the position of the Arctic sea ice edge during summer in recent years, we extracted sea ice edge boundaries from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sea ice product (MOD29 with a spatial resolution of 1 km), MODIS images (250 m), and sea ice ship-based observation points (1 km) during the fifth (CHINARE-2012) and sixth (CHINARE-2014) Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions, and made an overlay and comparison analysis with PM SIC derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS, with a spatial resolution of 25 km) in the summer of 2012 and 2014. Results showed that the average SSMIS SIC threshold at the Arctic sea ice edge based on ice-water boundary lines extracted from MOD29 was 33%, which was higher than that of the commonly used 15% discriminant threshold. The average SIC threshold at sea ice edge based on ice-water boundary lines extracted by visual interpretation from four scenes of the MODIS image was 35% when compared to the average value of 36% from the MOD29 extracted ice edge pixels for the same days. The average SIC of 31% at the sea ice edge points extracted from ship-based observations also confirmed that choosing around 30% as the SIC threshold during summer is recommended for sea ice extent calculations based on SSMIS PM data. These results can provide a reference for further studying the variation of sea ice under the rapidly changing Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ji
- Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Xiaoping Pang
- Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Cong Luo
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Matthews CJD, Ferguson SH. Weaning age variation in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Parkinson CL. Spatially mapped reductions in the length of the Arctic sea ice season. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 41:4316-4322. [PMID: 25821265 PMCID: PMC4373179 DOI: 10.1002/2014gl060434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Satellite data are used to determine the number of days having sea ice coverage in each year 1979-2013 and to map the trends in these ice-season lengths. Over the majority of the Arctic seasonal sea ice zone, the ice season shortened at an average rate of at least 5 days/decade between 1979 and 2013, and in a small area in the northeastern Barents Sea the rate of shortening reached over 65 days/decade. The only substantial non-coastal area with lengthening sea ice seasons is the Bering Sea, where the ice season lengthened by 5-15 days/decade. Over the Arctic as a whole, the area with ice seasons shortened by at least 5 days/decade is 12.4 × 106 km2, while the area with ice seasons lengthened by at least 5 days/decade is only 1.1 × 106 km2. The contrast is even greater, percentage-wise, for higher rates. KEY POINTS Sea ice seasons have shortened by at least 5 days/decade over most of the ArcticAcross 1.9 million km2 ice seasons have shortened by at least 25 days/decadeCounter to most of the Arctic ice seasons have lengthened in the Bering Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Parkinson
- Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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Variability in Sea-Ice Thickness Over the North Pole from 1958 to 1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm085p0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Li SS, Ingram RG. Isopycnal deepening of an under-ice river plume in coastal waters: Field observations and modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Leck C, Nilsson ED, Bigg EK, Bäcklin L. Atmospheric program on the Arctic Ocean Expedition 1996 (AOE-96): An overview of scientific goals, experimental approach, and instruments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arctic sea ice bordering on the North Atlantic and interannual climate variations. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03187015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Vinnikov KY, Robock A, Stouffer RJ, Walsh JE, Parkinson CL, Cavalieri DJ, Mitchell JF, Garrett D, Zakharov VF. Global Warming and Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent. Science 1999; 286:1934-1937. [PMID: 10583952 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5446.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Surface and satellite-based observations show a decrease in Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent during the past 46 years. A comparison of these trends to control and transient integrations (forced by observed greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulfate aerosols) from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and Hadley Centre climate models reveals that the observed decrease in Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent agrees with the transient simulations, and both trends are much larger than would be expected from natural climate variations. From long-term control runs of climate models, it was found that the probability of the observed trends resulting from natural climate variability, assuming that the models' natural variability is similar to that found in nature, is less than 2 percent for the 1978-98 sea ice trends and less than 0.1 percent for the 1953-98 sea ice trends. Both models used here project continued decreases in sea ice thickness and extent throughout the next century.
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Affiliation(s)
- KY Vinnikov
- Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551, USA. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Post Office Box 308, Princeton, NJ 08542, USA. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, 105 South Gregory Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Code 971, Oceans and Ice Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, RG12 2SZ, UK. Climate Prediction Center, National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, NOAA, 5200 Auth Road, Room 800, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA. Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 38 Bering Street, St. Petersburg 199397, Russia
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Parkinson CL, Cavalieri DJ, Gloersen P, Zwally HJ, Comiso JC. Arctic sea ice extents, areas, and trends, 1978-1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sharma S, Barrie LA, Plummer D, McConnell JC, Brickell PC, Levasseur M, Gosselin M, Bates TS. Flux estimation of oceanic dimethyl sulfide around North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Current knowledge on Arctic sea ice extent and thickness variability is reviewed, and we examine whether measurements to date provide evidence for the impact of climate change. The total Arctic ice extent has shown a small but significant reduction of (2.1 ± 0.9)% during the period 1978-87, after apparently increasing from a lower level in the early 1970s. However, open water within the pack ice limit has also diminished, so that the reduction of sea ice area is only (1.8 ± 1.2)%. This stability conceals large interannual variations and trends in individual regions of the Arctic Ocean and sub-Arctic seas, which are out of phase with one another and so have little net impact on the overall hemispheric ice extent. The maximum annual global extent (occurring during the Antarctic winter) shows a more significant decrease of 5% during 1972-87. Ice thickness distribution has been measured by submarine sonar profiling, moored upward sonars, airborne laser prohlometry, airborne electromagnetic techniques and drilling. Promising new techniques include: sonar mounted on an AUV or neutrally buoyant float; acoustic tomography or thermometry; and inference from a combination of microwave sensors. In relation to climate change, the most useful measurement has been repeated submarine sonar profiling under identical parts of the Arctic, which offers some evidence of a decline in mean ice thickness in the 1980s compared to the 1970s. The link between mean ice thickness and climatic warming is complex because of the effects of dynamics and deformation. Only fast ice responds primarily to air temperature changes and one can predict thinning of fast ice and extension of the open water season in fast ice areas. Another region of increasingly mild ice conditions is the central Greenland Sea where winter thermohaline convection is triggered by cyclic growth and melt of local young ice. In recent years convection to the bottom has slowed or ceased, possibly related to moderation of ice conditions.
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Chu S, Ledley TS. Hydrologic cycle parameterization for energy balance climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Häkkinen S. An Arctic source for the great salinity anomaly: A simulation of the Arctic ice-ocean system for 1955–1975. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jc01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Microwave study programs of air–ice–ocean interactive processes in the seasonal ice zone of the Greenland and Barents Seas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/gm068p0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Häkkinen S, Mellor GL. Modeling the seasonal variability of a coupled Arctic ice-ocean system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parkinson CL. Interannual variability of monthly Southern Ocean sea ice distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Considerations for microwave remote sensing of thin sea ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/gm068p0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Parkinson CL. Spatial patterns of increases and decreases in the length of the sea ice season in the north polar region, 1979–1986. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Steffen K, Schweiger A. NASA team algorithm for sea ice concentration retrieval from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program special sensor microwave imager: Comparison with Landsat satellite imagery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jc02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lepage S, Ingram RG. Variation of upper layer dynamics during breakup of the seasonal ice cover in Hudson Bay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jc00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parkinson CL. Interannual variability of the spatial distribution of sea ice in the north polar region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jc00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cavalieri DJ, Crawford JP, Drinkwater MR, Eppler DT, Farmer LD, Jentz RR, Wackerman CC. Aircraft active and passive microwave validation of sea ice concentration from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program special sensor microwave imager. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jc02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Serreze MC, Maslanik JA, Preller RH, Barry RG. Sea ice concentrations in the Canada Basin during 1988: Comparisons with other years and evidence of multiple forcing mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jc095ic12p22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Comiso JC. Arctic multiyear ice classification and summer ice cover using passive microwave satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jc095ic08p13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walsh JE, Zwally HJ. Multiyear sea ice in the Arctic: Model- and satellite-derived. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jc095ic07p11613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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