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Wu Z, Wang X. Variability in Antarctic sea ice from 1998 to 2017. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22312-22322. [PMID: 31154650 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was based on the daily sea ice concentration data from the NASA Team algorithm from 1998 to 2017. The Antarctic sea ice was analyzed from the total sea ice area (SIA), first-year ice area, and multiyear ice area. On a temporal scale, the changes in sea ice parameters were studied over the whole 20 years. The results showed that the total SIA increased by 0.0087 × 106 km2 year-1 (+ 2.08% dec-1) between 1998 and 2017. The multiyear ice area increased by 0.0141 × 106 km2 year-1 from 1998 to 2017. The first-year ice area decreased by - 0.0058 × 106 km2 year-1 between 1998 and 2017. On a spatial scale, the entire Antarctic was divided into two areas, namely West Antarctica (WA) and East Antarctica (EA), according to the spatial change rate of sea ice concentration. The total sea ice and multiyear ice areas showed a decreasing trend in WA. However, the total SIA and multiyear ice area all showed an increasing trend in EA. Therefore, Antarctic sea ice presented an increasing trend, but there were different trends in WA and EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhankai Wu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingdong Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China.
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Abstract
This study is based on the daily sea ice concentration data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA) from 1979 to 2016. The Arctic sea ice is analyzed from the total sea ice area, first year ice extent, multiyear ice area, and the variability of sea ice concentration in different ranges. The results show that the total sea ice area decreased by 0.0453 × 106 km2·year−1 (−0.55%/year) between 1979 and 2016, and the variability of the sea ice area from 1997 to 2016 is significantly larger than that from 1979 to 1996. The first-year ice extent increased by 0.0199 × 106 km2·year−1 (0.36%/year) from 1997 to 2016. The multiyear ice area decreased by 0.0711 × 106 km2·year−1 (−0.66%/year) from 1979 to 2016, of which in the last 20 years is about 30.8% less than in 1979–1996. In terms of concentration, we have focused on comparing 1979–1996 and 1997–2016 in different ranges. Sea ice concentration between 0.9–1 accounted for about 39.57% from 1979 to 1996, while from 1997–2016, it accounted for only 27.75%. However, the sea ice of concentration between 0.15–0.4 exhibits no significant trend changes.
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Comiso JC, Wadhams P, Krabill WB, Swift RN, Crawford JP, Tucker WB. Top/bottom multisensor remote sensing of Arctic sea ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90jc02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stirling I, Derocher AE. Effects of climate warming on polar bears: a review of the evidence. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2012; 18:2694-706. [PMID: 24501049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is causing unidirectional changes to annual patterns of sea ice distribution, structure, and freeze-up. We summarize evidence that documents how loss of sea ice, the primary habitat of polar bears (Ursus maritimus), negatively affects their long-term survival. To maintain viable subpopulations, polar bears depend on sea ice as a platform from which to hunt seals for long enough each year to accumulate sufficient energy (fat) to survive periods when seals are unavailable. Less time to access to prey, because of progressively earlier breakup in spring, when newly weaned ringed seal (Pusa hispida) young are available, results in longer periods of fasting, lower body condition, decreased access to denning areas, fewer and smaller cubs, lower survival of cubs as well as bears of other age classes and, finally, subpopulation decline toward eventual extirpation. The chronology of climate-driven changes will vary between subpopulations, with quantifiable negative effects being documented first in the more southerly subpopulations, such as those in Hudson Bay or the southern Beaufort Sea. As the bears' body condition declines, more seek alternate food resources so the frequency of conflicts between bears and humans increases. In the most northerly areas, thick multiyear ice, through which little light penetrates to stimulate biological growth on the underside, will be replaced by annual ice, which facilitates greater productivity and may create habitat more favorable to polar bears over continental shelf areas in the short term. If the climate continues to warm and eliminate sea ice as predicted, polar bears will largely disappear from the southern portions of their range by mid-century. They may persist in the northern Canadian Arctic Islands and northern Greenland for the foreseeable future, but their long-term viability, with a much reduced global population size in a remnant of their former range, is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Stirling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
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Porter DF, Cassano JJ, Serreze MC. Local and large-scale atmospheric responses to reduced Arctic sea ice and ocean warming in the WRF model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Porter DF, Cassano JJ, Serreze MC. Analysis of the Arctic atmospheric energy budget in WRF: A comparison with reanalyses and satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Porter
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - John J. Cassano
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Mark C. Serreze
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
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Belchansky GI. Spatial and temporal multiyear sea ice distributions in the Arctic: A neural network analysis of SSM/I data, 1988–2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jc002388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kwok R. Annual cycles of multiyear sea ice coverage of the Arctic Ocean: 1999–2003. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jc002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Johannessen OM, Shalina EV, Miles MW. Satellite Evidence for an Arctic Sea Ice Cover in Transformation. Science 1999; 286:1937-1939. [PMID: 10583953 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5446.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent research using microwave satellite remote sensing data has established that there has been a reduction of about 3 percent per decade in the areal extent of the Arctic sea ice cover since 1978, although it is unknown whether the nature of the perennial ice pack has changed. These data were used to quantify changes in the ice cover's composition, revealing a substantial reduction of about 14 percent in the area of multiyear ice in winter during the period from 1978 to 1998. There also appears to be a strong correlation between the area of multiyear ice and the spatially averaged thickness of the perennial ice pack, which suggests that the satellite-derived areal decreases represent substantial rather than only peripheral changes. If this apparent transformation continues, it may lead to a markedly different ice regime in the Arctic, altering heat and mass exchanges as well as ocean stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- OM Johannessen
- Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Edvard Griegsvei 3a, 5059 Bergen, Norway. Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway. Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Korpusnaya ulitsa 18, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia. Department of Geography, University of Bergen, Breiviksveien 40, 5045 Bergen, Norway
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Gohin F, Cavanié A, Ezraty R. Evolution of the passive and active microwave signatures of a large sea ice feature during its 2½-year drift through the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jc03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Comiso JC, Kwok R. Surface and radiative characteristics of the summer Arctic sea ice cover from multisensor satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jc02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thomas D, Martin S, Rothrock D, Steele M. Assimilating satellite concentration data into an Arctic sea ice mass balance model, 1979-1985. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jc01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Winebrenner DP, Holt B, Nelson ED. Observation of autumn freeze-up in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas using the ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jc01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Satellite remote sensing of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/ce049p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Manry MT, Dawson MS, Fung AK, Apollo SJ, Allen LS, Lyle WD, Gong W. Fast training of neural networks for remote sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/02757259409532216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Massom R, Comiso JC. The classification of Arctic sea ice types and the determination of surface temperature using advanced very high resolution radiometer data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jc03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ebert EE, Curry JA. An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating ice-atmosphere interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jc00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Eppler DT, Farmer LD, Lohanick AW, Anderson MR, Cavalieri DJ, Comiso J, Gloersen P, Garrity C, Grenfell TC, Hallikainen M, Maslanik JA, Mätzler C, Melloh RA, Rubinstein I, Swift CT. Passive microwave signatures of sea ice. MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF SEA ICE 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/gm068p0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wadhams P, Tucker WB, Krabill WB, Swift RN, Comiso JC, Davis NR. Relationship between sea ice freeboard and draft in the Arctic Basin, and implications for ice thickness monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tucker WB, Perovich DK, Gow AJ, Weeks WF, Drinkwater MR. Physical properties of sea ice relevant to remote sensing. MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF SEA ICE 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/gm068p0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Steffen K, Key J, Cavalieri DJ, Comiso J, Gloersen P, Germain KS, Rubinstein I. The estimation of geophysical parameters using passive microwave algorithms. MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF SEA ICE 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/gm068p0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cavalieri DJ. NASA sea ice validation program for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program special sensor microwave imager. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jc02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cavalieri DJ, Crawford JP, Drinkwater MR, Eppler DT, Farmer LD, Jentz RR, Wackerman CC. Aircraft active and passive microwave validation of sea ice concentration from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program special sensor microwave imager. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jc02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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