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Anda M. Characteristics of pristine volcanic materials: Beneficial and harmful effects and their management for restoration of agroecosystem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:480-492. [PMID: 26599148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Eruption of Sinabung volcano in Indonesia began again in 2010 after resting for 1200 years. The volcano is daily emitting ash and pyroclastic materials since September 2013 to the present, damaging agroecosystems and costing for management restoration. The objective of the study was to assess properties and impacts of pristine volcanic material depositions on soil properties and to provide management options for restoring the affected agroecosytem. Land satellite imagery was used for field studies to observe the distribution, thickness and properties of ashfall deposition. The pristine ashfall deposits and the underlying soils were sampled for mineralogical, soluble salt, chemical, physical and toxic compound analyses. Results showed that uneven distribution of rainfall at the time of violent eruption caused the areas receiving mud ashfall developed surface encrustation, which was not occur in areas receiving dry ashfall. Ashfall damaged the agroecosytem by burning vegetation, forming surface crusts, and creating soil acidity and toxicity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of encrustated layer indicated the presence of gypsum and jarosite minerals. Gypsum likely acted as a cementing agent in the formation of the encrustation layer with extremely low pH (2.9) and extremely high concentrations of Al, Ca and S. Encrustation is responsible for limited water infiltration and root penetration, while the extremely high concentration of Al is responsible for crop toxicity. Mud ashfall and dry ashfall deposits also greatly changed the underlying soil properties by decreasing soil pH and cation exchange capacity and by increasing exchangeable Ca, Al, and S availability. Despite damaging vegetation in the short-term, the volcanic ashfall enriched the soil in the longer term by adding nutrients like Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Si and S. Suggested management practices to help restore the agroecosystem after volcanic eruptions include: (i) the application of lime to increase soil pH, increase cation exchange capacity and decrease Al and S toxicities, (ii) the selection of crops which are tolerant to low pH and high concentrations of soluble Al and S, (iii) physically disrupting the hard surface crusts that form on some soils (if <2 cm thick) to allow water infiltration and root penetration, (iv) application of N and K fertilizers, and (v) incorporation of dry ashfall into the soil (if <5 cm thick) to exploit the newly deposited nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Anda
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resource Research and Development, Agency of Agricultural Research and Development, Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 12 Bogor 16114, Kampus Penelitian Pertanian, Cimanggu, Bogor, Indonesia.
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Varekamp JC, Thomas E, Germani M, Buseck PR. Particle geochemistry of volcanic plumes of Etna and Mount St. Helens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb091ib12p12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Realmuto VJ, Abrams MJ, Buongiorno MF, Pieri DC. The use of multispectral thermal infrared image data to estimate the sulfur dioxide flux from volcanoes: A case study from Mount Etna, Sicily, July 29, 1986. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rose WI, Heiken G, Wohletz K, Eppler D, Barr S, Miller T, Chuan RL, Symonds RB. Direct Rate Measurements of Eruption Plumes at Augustine Volcano: A Problem of Scaling and Uncontrolled Variables. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bagnato E, Aiuppa A, Andronico D, Cristaldi A, Liotta M, Brusca L, Miraglia L. Leachate analyses of volcanic ashes from Stromboli volcano: A proxy for the volcanic gas plume composition? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carn SA, Froyd KD, Anderson BE, Wennberg P, Crounse J, Spencer K, Dibb JE, Krotkov NA, Browell EV, Hair JW, Diskin G, Sachse G, Vay SA. In situ measurements of tropospheric volcanic plumes in Ecuador and Colombia during TC4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nriagu J, Becker C. Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: global and regional inventories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 304:3-12. [PMID: 12663167 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive, time-averaged inventory of subaerial emissions of mercury from volcanoes that were active between 1980 and 2000 is derived based on the Hg/SO(2) ratios of the exhalations. Worldwide flux of mercury from volcanic eruptions is estimated to be 57 t/year while the flux from degassing activities is 37.6 t/year. After correcting for 'unmeasured' SO(2) emissions, the total global flux of Hg to the atmosphere is estimated to be 112 t/year. There are regional differences in average emissions during the 20-year period, with the estimated fluxes being 29 t/year in South and Central America, 27 t/year in Southeast Asia; 24 t/year in North America (including Hawaii), 4.1 t/year in Australia, 3.4 t/year in Japan and northern Asia, 3.1 t/year in Europe and western Asia and 2.3 t/year in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Nriagu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Mather TA, Pyle DM, Oppenheimer C. Tropospheric volcanic aerosol. VOLCANISM AND THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/139gm12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractRecent studies suggest that the environmental effects of volcanic gas emissions in the lower troposphere have been underestimated. This chapter first briefly summarizes the techniques available for characterizing tropospheric volcanic gas plumes, including the composition and fluxes of emitted gases and aerosols, as well as their atmospheric dispersion. The second part documents the contribution of gas emissions from degassing craters to the composition of the atmosphere, including effects from dry and wet deposition chemistry. The third section deals with the detrimental impacts on vegetation, soils, and groundwater in relation to passive degassing activity. Improved understanding of the impacts of volcanic degassing on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment will require: (1) systematic two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of tropospheric volcanic plumes, (2) development of general physical and chemical models to describe the fate of volcanic gases and aerosols during transport in the troposphere, and (3) investigation of the response of diverse ecosystems to volcanogenic air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Delmelle
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Land Use Planning, Soil Sciences Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Abstract
AbstractVolcano applications commonly involve sizeable departures from the reference pressure and temperature of COSPEC calibration cells. Analysis shows that COSPEC SO2 column abundances and derived mass emission rates are independent of pressure and temperature, and thus unaffected by elevation effects related to deviations from calibration cell reference state. However, path-length concentrations are pressure and temperature dependent. Since COSPEC path-length concentration data assume the reference pressure and temperature of calibration cells, they can lead to large errors when used to calculate SO2 mixing ratios of volcanic plumes. Correction factors for COSPEC path-length concentrations become significant (c. 10%) at elevations of about 1 km (e.g. Kilauea volcano) and rise rapidly to c. 80% at 6 km (e.g. Cotopaxi volcano). Calculating SO2 mixing ratios for volcanic plumes directly from COSPEC path-length concentrations always gives low results. Corrections can substantially increase mixing ratios; for example, corrections increase SO2 ppm concentrations reported for the Mount St Helens, Colima, and Erebus plumes by 25–50%. Several arguments suggest it would be advantageous to calibrate COSPEC measurements in column abundance units rather than path-length concentration units.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Gerlach
- US Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory
1300 SE Cardinal Court #100, Vancouver, WA 98683-9589, USA
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Abstract
AbstractVolcanic gas and aerosol surveillance yield important insights into magmatic, hydrothermal, and atmospheric processes. A range of optical sensing and sampling techniques has been applied to measurements of the composition and fluxes of volcanic emissions. In particular, the 30-year worldwide volcanological service record of the Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC) illustrates the point that robust, reliable, straightforward optical techniques are of tremendous interest to the volcano observatory and research community. This chapter reviews the field, in particular the newer and more versatile instruments capable of augmenting or superseding COSPEC, with the aim of stimulating their rapid adoption by the volcanological community. It focuses on sensors that can be operated from the ground, since they generally offer the most flexibility and sensitivity. The success of COSPEC underlines the point, however, that such devices should be comparatively cheap, and easy to use and maintain, if they are to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. S. McGonigle
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
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Allen AG, Oppenheimer C, Ferm M, Baxter PJ, Horrocks LA, Galle B, McGonigle AJS, Duffell HJ. Primary sulfate aerosol and associated emissions from Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Allen
- School of Geography; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - M. Ferm
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - P. J. Baxter
- Institute of Public Health; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | | | - B. Galle
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - H. J. Duffell
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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Teggi S, Bogliolo MP, Buongiorno MF, Pugnaghi S, Sterni A. Evaluation of SO2emission from Mount Etna using diurnal and nocturnal multispectral IR and visible imaging spectrometer thermal IR remote sensing images and radiative transfer models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Italiano F, Pecoraino G, Nuccio PM. Steam output from fumaroles of an active volcano: Tectonic and magmatic-hydrothermal controls on the degassing system at Vulcano (Aeolian arc). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rietmeijer FJM, Mackinnon IDR. Bismuth oxide nanoparticles in the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96je03989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Caltabiano T, Romano R, Budetta G. SO2flux measurements at Mount Etna (Sicily). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hobbs PV, Radke LF, Lyons JH, Ferek RJ, Coffman DJ, Casadevall TJ. Airborne measurements of particle and gas emissions from the 1990 volcanic eruptions of Mount Redoubt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Symonds RB, Rose WI, Reed MH. Contribution of C1- and F-bearing gases to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Nature 1988. [DOI: 10.1038/334415a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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