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Remsberg E, Natarajan M, Harvey VL. On the consistency of HNO 3 and NO 2 in the Aleutian High region from the Nimbus 7 LIMS Version 6 data set. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2018; 11:3611-3626. [PMID: 31379975 PMCID: PMC6677156 DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-3611-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study uses photochemical calculations along kinematic trajectories in conjunction with Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) observations to examine the changes in HNO3 and NO2 near 30 hPa in the region of the Aleutian High (AH) during the minor warming event of January 1979. An earlier analysis of Version 5 (V5) LIMS data indicated increases in HNO3 without a corresponding decrease in NO2 in that region and a quasi-wave 2 signature in the zonal distribution of HNO3, unlike the wave 1 signal in ozone and other tracers. Version 6 (V6) LIMS also shows an increase of HNO3 in that region, but NO2 is smaller than from V5. The focus here is to convey that V6 HNO3 and NO2 are of good quality, as shown by a re-examination of their mutual changes in the AH region. Photochemical model calculations initialized with LIMS V6 data show increases of about 2 ppbv in HNO3 over 10 days along trajectories terminating in the AH region on 28 January. Those increases are mainly a result of the nighttime heterogeneous conversion of N2O5 on background stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols. Changes in the composition of the air parcels depend on the extent of exposure to sunlight and, hence, on the dynamically controlled history of the trajectories. Trajectories that begin in low latitudes and traverse to across the North Pole in a short time lead to the low HNO3 in the region separating the anticyclone from the polar vortex, both of which contain higher HNO3. These findings help to explain the observed seasonal evolution and areal extent of both species. V6 HNO3 and NO2 are suitable, within their errors, for the validation of stratospheric chemistry-climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Remsberg
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center 21 Langley Blvd, Mail Stop 401B Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA
| | - Murali Natarajan
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center 21 Langley Blvd, Mail Stop 401B Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA
| | - V Lynn Harvey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado, UCB 311 Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Rood RB, Douglass AR, Kaye JA, Considine DB. Characteristics of wintertime and autumn nitric acid chemistry as defined by Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chipperfield MP, Cariolle D, Simon P, Ramaroson R, Lary DJ. A three-dimensional modeling study of trace species in the Arctic lower stratosphere during winter 1989-1990. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Smith AK. Numerical simulation of global variations of temperature, ozone, and trace species in the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Austin J. Comparison of stratospheric air parcel trajectories calculated from SSU and LIMS satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd091id07p07837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Reddmann T, Ruhnke R, Versick S, Kouker W. Modeling disturbed stratospheric chemistry during solar-induced NOxenhancements observed with MIPAS/ENVISAT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kinnison DE, Gille J, Barnett J, Randall C, Harvey VL, Lambert A, Khosravi R, Alexander MJ, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Cavanaugh C, Coffey M, Craig C, Dean VC, Eden T, Ellis D, Fahey DW, Francis G, Halvorson C, Hannigan J, Hartsough C, Hepplewhite C, Krinsky C, Lee H, Mankin B, Marcy TP, Massie S, Nardi B, Packman D, Popp PJ, Santee ML, Yudin V, Walker KA. Global observations of HNO3from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS): First results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Stiller GP. An enhanced HNO3second maximum in the Antarctic midwinter upper stratosphere 2003. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Santee ML. Three-dimensional structure and evolution of stratospheric HNO3based on UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grainger RG, Highwood EJ. Changes in stratospheric composition, chemistry, radiation and climate caused by volcanic eruptions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe primary effect of a volcanic eruption is to alter the composition of the stratosphere by the direct injection of ash and gases. On average, there is a stratospherically significant volcanic eruption about every 5.5 years. The principal effect of such an eruption is the enhancement of stratospheric sulphuric acid aerosol through the oxidation and condensation of the oxidation product H2SO4. Following the formation of the enhanced aerosol layer, observations have shown a reduction in the amount of direct radiation reaching the ground and a concomitant increase in diffuse radiation. This is associated with an increase in stratospheric temperature and a decrease in global mean surface temperature (although the spatial pattern of temperature changes is complex). In addition, the enhanced aerosol layer increases heterogeneous processing, and this reduces the levels of active nitrogen in the lower stratosphere. This in turn gives rise to either a decrease or an increase in stratospheric ozone levels, depending on the level of chlorine loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. G. Grainger
- Atmospheric, Oceanic & Planetary Physics, Clarendon Laboratory
Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - E. J. Highwood
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading
Reading RG6 6BB, UK
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Rinsland CP. Post-Mount Pinatubo eruption ground-based infrared stratospheric column measurements of HNO3, NO, and NO2and their comparison with model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Zafra R, Smyshlyaev SP. On the formation of HNO3in the Antarctic mid to upper stratosphere in winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manney GL, Michelsen HA, Santee ML, Gunson MR, Irion FW, Roche AE, Livesey NJ. Polar vortex dynamics during spring and fall diagnosed using trace gas observations from the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Santee ML, Manney GL, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. Six years of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Seasonal, interhemispheric, and interannual variations in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Randall CE, Rusch DW, Bevilacqua RM, Hoppel KW, Lumpe JD. Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) II stratospheric NO2, 1993-1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Santee ML, Tabazadeh A, Manney GL, Salawitch RJ, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Implications for Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Slusser J, Liu X, Stamnes K, Shaw G, Smith R, Storvold R, Murcray F, Lee A, Good P. High-latitude stratospheric NO2and HNO3over Fairbanks (65°N) 1992-1994. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mergenthaler JL, Kumer JB, Roche AE, Massie ST. Distribution of Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds as seen by the CLAES experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bekki S, Chipperfield MP, Pyle JA, Remedios JJ, Smith SE, Grainger RG, Lambert A, Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL. Coupled aerosol-chemical modeling of UARS HNO3and N2O5measurements in the Arctic upper stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Zafra RL, Chan V, Crewell S, Trimble C, Reeves JM. Millimeter wave spectroscopic measurements over the South Pole: 3. The behavior of stratospheric nitric acid through polar fall, winter, and spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Eckman RS, Grose WL, Turner RE, Blackshear WT, Russell JM, Froidevaux L, Waters JW, Kumer JB, Roche AE. Stratospheric trace constituents simulated by a three-dimensional general circulation model: Comparison with UARS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Poole LR, Pitts MC. Polar stratospheric cloud climatology based on Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II observations from 1978 to 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Garcia RR, Solomon S. A new numerical model of the middle atmosphere: 2. Ozone and related species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fried A, Henry BE, Calvert JG, Mozurkewich M. The reaction probability of N2O5with sulfuric acid aerosols at stratospheric temperatures and compositions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M McFarland
- DuPont Chemicals/Fluorochemicals, Wilmington, DE 19898
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Remsberg EE, Bhatt PP, Miles T. A comparison of Nimbus 7 limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere and radiosonde temperatures in the lower stratosphere poleward of 60N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kawa SR, Fahey DW, Heidt LE, Pollock WH, Solomon S, Anderson DE, Loewenstein M, Proffitt MH, Margitan JJ, Chan KR. Photochemical partitioning of the reactive nitrogen and chlorine reservoirs in the high-latitude stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Natarajan M, Callis LB. Stratospheric photochemical studies with Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Reihs CM, Golden DM, Tolbert MA. Nitric acid uptake by sulfuric acid solutions under stratospheric conditions: Determination of Henry's law solubility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Austin J, Holton JR. A model of stratospheric chemistry and transport on an isentropic surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id08p11875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kawa SR, Fahey DW, Solomon S, Brune WH, Proffitt MH, Toohey DW, Anderson DE, Anderson LC, Chan KR. Interpretation of aircraft measurements of NO, ClO, and O3in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id11p18597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Arnold F, Knop G. Stratospheric nitric acid vapour measurements in the cold Arctic vortex: implications for nitric acid condensation. Nature 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/338746a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kerridge BJ, Remsberg EE. Evidence From the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere for nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium in the v2mode of mesospheric water vapour and the ν3mode of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id13p16323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rodriguez JM, Ko MKW, Sze ND, Pierce SD, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Kelly K, Farmer CB, Toon GC, Coffey MT, Heidt LE, Mankin WG, Chan KR, Starr WL, Vedder JF, McCormick MP. Nitrogen and chlorine species in the spring Antarctic stratosphere: Comparison of models With Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Turco RP, Toon OB, Hamill P. Heterogeneous physicochemistry of the polar ozone hole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jones RL, Austin J, McKenna DS, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Farmer CB, Heidt LE, Kelly KK, Murphy DM, Proffitt MH, Tuck AF, Vedder JF. Lagrangian photochemical modeling studies of the 1987 Antarctic spring vortex: 1. Comparison with AAOE observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hofmann DJ, Solomon S. Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichón. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id04p05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Austin J, Jones RL, McKenna DS, Buckland AT, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Farmer CB, Heidt LE, Proffitt MH, Tuck AF, Vedder JF. Lagrangian photochemical modeling studies of the 1987 Antarctic spring vortex: 2. Seasonal trends in ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mount GH, Solomon S, Sanders RW, Jakoubek RO, Schmeltekopf AL. Observations of Stratospheric NO
2
and O
3
at Thule, Greenland. Science 1988; 242:555-8. [PMID: 17815895 DOI: 10.1126/science.242.4878.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Scattered sunlight and direct light from the moon was used in two wavelength ranges to measure the total column abundances of stratospheric ozone(O(3)) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) at Thule, Greenland (76.5 degrees N), during the period from 29 January to 16 February 1988. The observed O(3) column varied between about 325 and 400 Dobson units, and the lower values were observed when the center of the Arctic polar vortex was closest to Thule. This gradient probably indicates that O(3) levels decrease due to dynamical processes near the center of the Arctic vortex and should be considered in attempts to derive trends in O(3) levels. The observed NO(2) levels were also lowest in the center of the Arctic vortex and were sometimes as low as 5 x 10(14) molecules per square centimeter, which is even less than comparable values measured during Antarctic spring, suggesting that significant heterogeneous photochemistry takes place during the Arctic winter as it does in the Antarctic.
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Thomas RJ, Rosenlof KH, Clancy RT, Zawodny JM. Stratospheric NO2over Antarctica as measured by the solar mesosphere explorer during Austral Spring, 1986. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id10p12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith AK, Lyjak LV, Gille JC. The eddy transport of nonconserved trace species derived from satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id09p11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ridley BA, McFarland M, Schmeltekopf AL, Proffitt MH, Albritton DL, Winkler RH, Thompson TL. Seasonal differences in the vertical distributions of NO, NO2, and O3in the stratosphere near 50°N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id10p11919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jackman CH, Guthrie PD, Kaye JA. An intercomparison of nitrogen-containing species in Nimbus 7 LIMS and SAMS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id01p00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Crutzen PJ, Arnold F. Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold Antarctic stratosphere: a major cause for the springtime ‘ozone hole’. Nature 1986. [DOI: 10.1038/324651a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Callis LB, Natarajan M. The antarctic ozone minimum: Relationship to odd nitrogen, odd chlorine, the final warming, and the 11-year solar cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jd091id10p10771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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