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Berasategui M, Argüello GA, Burgos Paci MA. Gas-Phase Reaction between CF 2O and CF 3C(O)OH: Characterization of CF 3C(O)OC(O)F. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4671-4678. [PMID: 31046279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal decomposition of trifluoroacetic acid and carbonyl fluoride (CF2O) has been extensively studied because of their importance in the oxidation of hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. We hitherto present the study of the thermal reaction between these two molecules. The reaction mechanism was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the temperature range of 513-573 K. The reaction proceeds homogeneously in the gas phase through the formation of a reaction intermediate, here characterized as CF3C(O)OC(O)F (detected for the first time in this work), the major final products being CF3C(O)F, HF, and CO2. We demonstrate that the reaction is first-order with respect to each reagent, second-order global and the mechanism consists of two steps, the first being the rate-determining one. The Ea = 110.1 ± 6.1 kJ mol-1 and A = (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10-12 cm3 molec-1 s-1 values were obtained from the experimental data. The low activation energy is explained by the hydrogen-bond interactions between the -OH group of the acid and the F atom of the CF2O. First-principles calculations at the G4MP2 level of theory were carried out to understand the dynamics of the decomposition. Thermodynamic activation values found for this reaction are as follows: Δ H⧧ = 105.6 ± 6.4 kJ mol-1, Δ S⧧ = -88.6 ± 9.7 J mol-1 K-1, and Δ G⧧ = 153.7 ± 13.5 kJ mol-1. The comparison between theory and experimental results showed excellent similarities, thus strengthening the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Berasategui
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Físico Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Argüello
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Físico Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Maxi A Burgos Paci
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Físico Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba , Argentina
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Nightingale RW, Roche AE, Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Edwards DP, Gunson MR, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Connell PS. Global CF2Cl2measurements by UARS cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer: Validation by correlative data and a model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Eluszkiewicz J, Allen M. A global analysis of the ozone deficit in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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von Clarmann T, Glatthor N, Höpfner M, Kellmann S, Ruhnke R, Stiller GP, Fischer H, Funke B, Gil-López S, López-Puertas M. Experimental evidence of perturbed odd hydrogen and chlorine chemistry after the October 2003 solar proton events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. von Clarmann
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - N. Glatthor
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - M. Höpfner
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - S. Kellmann
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - R. Ruhnke
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - G. P. Stiller
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - H. Fischer
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - B. Funke
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada Spain
| | - S. Gil-López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada Spain
| | - M. López-Puertas
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada Spain
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Perry CC, Wolfe GM, Wagner AJ, Torres J, Faradzhev NS, Madey TE, Fairbrother DH. Chemical Reactions in CF2Cl2/Water (Ice) Films Induced by X-ray Radiation. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Laboratory for Surface Modification and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019
| | - G. M. Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Laboratory for Surface Modification and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019
| | - A. J. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Laboratory for Surface Modification and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019
| | - J. Torres
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Laboratory for Surface Modification and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019
| | - N. S. Faradzhev
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Laboratory for Surface Modification and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019
| | - T. E. Madey
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Laboratory for Surface Modification and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019
| | - D. H. Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and Laboratory for Surface Modification and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019
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7
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Rinsland CP. Long-term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground-based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chou SI, Baer DS, Hanson RK. Diode laser absorption measurements of CH(3)Cl and CH(4) near 1.65 microm. APPLIED OPTICS 1997; 36:3288-3293. [PMID: 18253337 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two distributed-feedback (InGaAsP) diode lasers were used to record high-resolution absorption spectra of the parallel and the perpendicular components of the 2nu(4) band of methyl chloride (CH(3)Cl) and the 2nu(3) band of methane (CH(4)) near 1.65 mum. The room-temperature absorption measurements, which were conducted in a multipass cell with a variable path length (878-1020 cm), were used to determine the mole fractions of the constituent gases and thus demonstrate species-specific, nonintrusive concentration measurements of species with overlapping spectra.
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Russell JM, Deaver LE, Luo M, Park JH, Gordley LL, Tuck AF, Toon GC, Gunson MR, Traub WA, Johnson DG, Jucks KW, Murcray DG, Zander R, Nolt IG, Webster CR. Validation of hydrogen chloride measurements made by the Halogen Occultation Experiment from the UARS platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roche AE, Kumer JB, Nightingale RW, Mergenthaler JL, Ely GA, Bailey PL, Massie ST, Gille JC, Edwards DP, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Webster CR, Traub WA, Jucks KW, Johnson DG, Murcray DG, Murcray FH, Goldman A, Zipf EC. Validation of CH4and N2O measurements by the cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Mergenthaler JL, Kumer JB, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Potter JF, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Edwards D, Connell PS, Kinnison DE, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Murcray DG, Murcray FJ, Goldman A. Validation of CLAES ClONO2measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Ely GA, Uplinger WG, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Stachnik RA, Webster CR, May RD, Murcray DG, Murcray FJ, Goldman A, Traub WA, Jucks KW, Johnson DG. Comparison of correlative data with HNO3version 7 from the CLAES instrument deployed on the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Zele F, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Connell PS, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Smith SE, Taylor FW. Comparison of CLAES preliminary N2O5data with correlative data and a model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Fourier transform IR product study of the reaction of CFO radicals with O2 at 298 K. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(94)85008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Viggiano AA, Morris RA, Van Doren JM. Ion chemistry of ClONO2involving NO3−core ions: A detection scheme for ClONO2in the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Minschwaner K, Salawitch RJ, McElroy MB. Absorption of solar radiation by O2: Implications for O3and lifetimes of N2O, CFCl3, and CF2Cl2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Toumi R, Pyle J. On the limitation of steady-state expressions as tests of photochemical theory of the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(92)90047-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Rinsland CP, Levine JS, Goldman A, Sze ND, Ko MK, Johnson DW. Infrared measurements of HF and HCl total column abundances above Kitt Peak, 1977-1990: seasonal cycles, long-term increases, and comparisons with model calculations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1991; 96:15523-40. [PMID: 11538646 DOI: 10.1029/91jd01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Series of high-resolution (approximately 0.01 cm-1) solar absorption spectra recorded with the McMath Fourier transform spectrometer on Kitt Peak (altitude 2.09 km, 31.9 degrees N, 111.6 degrees W) have been analyzed to deduce total column amounts of HF on 93 different days and HCl on 35 different days between May 1977 and June 1990. The results are based on the analysis of the HF and H35Cl (1-0) vibration-rotation band R(1) lines which are located at 4038.9625 and 2925.8970 cm-1, respectively. All of the data were analyzed using a multilayer, nonlinear least squares spectral fitting procedure and a consistent set of spectroscopic line parameters. The results indicate a rapid increase in total HF and a more gradual increase in total HCl with both trends superimposed on short-term variability. In addition, the total columns of both gases undergo a seasonal cycle with an early spring maximum and an early fall minimum, with peak-to-peak amplitudes equal to 25% for HF and 13% for HCl. In the case of HF, the changes over the 13 years of measurement are sufficiently large to determine that a better fit is obtained assuming a linear rather than an exponential increase with time. For HCl, linear and exponential models fit the data equally well. Referenced to calendar year 1981.0 and assuming a sinusoidal seasonal cycle superimposed on a linear total column increase with time, HF and HCl increase rates of (10.9 +/- 1.1)% yr-1 and (5.1 +/- 0.7)% yr-1 and total columns of (3.17 +/- 0.11) x 10(14) and (1.92 +/- 0.06) x 10(15) molecules cm-2 (2 sigma) are derived, respectively; the corresponding best fit mean exponential increase rates are equal to (7.6 +/- 0.6)% yr-1 and (4.2 +/- 0.5)% yr-1 (2 sigma). Over the 13-year observing period, the HF and HCl total columns increased by factors of 3.2 and 1.8, respectively. Based on HF and HCl total columns deduced from measurements on the same day, the HF/HCl total columns ratio increased from 0.14 in May 1977 to 0.23 in June 1990. Short-term temporal variations in the HF and HCl total columns are highly correlated; these fluctuations are believed to be caused by dynamical variability in the lower stratosphere. The results of this investigation are compared with previously reported measurements and with time-dependent, two-dimensional model calculations of HF and HCl total columns based on emission histories and photo-oxidation rates for the source molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Rinsland
- Atmospheric Sciences Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
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19
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Norton RH, Rinsland CP. ATMOS data processing and science analysis methods. APPLIED OPTICS 1991; 30:389-400. [PMID: 20582004 DOI: 10.1364/ao.30.000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ATMOS (atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy) instrument, a high speed Fourier transform spectrometer operating in the middle IR (2.2-16 microm), recorded more than 1500 solar spectra at approximately 0.0105-cm(-1) resolution during its first mission onboard the shuttle Challenger in the spring of 1985. These spectra were acquired during high sun conditions for studies of the solar atmosphere and during low sun conditions for studies of the earth's upper atmosphere. This paper describes the steps by which the telemetry data were converted into spectra suitable for analysis, the analysis software and methods developed for the atmospheric and solar studies, and the ATMOS data analysis facility.
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20
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Allen M, Delitsky ML. Inferring the abundances of ClO and HO2from Spacelab 3 Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Allen M, Delitsky ML. A test of odd-oxygen photochemistry using Spacelab 3 Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Kaye JA, Douglass AR, Jackman CH, Stolarski RS, Zander R, Roland G. Two-dimensional model calculation of fluorine-containing reservoir species in the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Natarajan M, Callis LB. Stratospheric photochemical studies with Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Gunson MR, Farmer CB, Norton RH, Zander R, Rinsland CP, Shaw JH, Gao BC. Measurements of CH4, N2O, CO, H2O, and O3in the middle atmosphere by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment on Spacelab 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id09p13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Rinsland CP, Goldman A, Murcray FJ, Blatherwick RD, Kosters JJ, Murcray DG, Sze ND, Massie ST. Long-term trends in the concentrations of SF6, CHClF2, and COF2in the lower stratosphere from analysis of high-resolution infrared solar occultation spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Zander R, Gunson MR, Foster JC, Rinsland CP, Namkung J. Stratospheric ClONO2, HCl, and HF concentration profiles derived from Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy Experiment Spacelab 3 observations: An update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id12p20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Michelangeli DV, Allen M, Yung YL. El Chichon volcanic aerosols: impact of radiative, thermal, and chemical perturbations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1989; 94:18429-43. [PMID: 11542195 DOI: 10.1029/jd094id15p18429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We examine the consequences of the eruption of the El Chichon volcano on the Earth's stratospheric chemistry. Formed after the eruption, the volcanic aerosol cloud, with a peak particle density at 27 km, was very efficient at altering the radiation field. The results of a one-dimensional radiative transfer model show that the total radiation increased by 8% within the aerosol layer longward of 3000 angstroms. At certain altitudes and wavelengths below 3000 angstroms, the total radiation decreased by 15%. Consequently, there are changes in the photolysis rates obtained with a one-dimensional photochemical model: for example, O2 photodissociation rate constants decrease by 10%, while O3 photodissociation rate constants increase by a comparable amount. A combination of this radiation change and the effect of a temperature variation of a few degrees causes the abundance of O3 to decrease by 7% at 24 km, in good agreement with the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet experiment (SBUV) measurements of a 5-10% decrease. The combined radiative and thermal perturbations on the concentrations of O, O(1 D), OH, HO2, H2O2, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, HO2NO2, Cl, ClO, ClO2, HOCl, ClNO3, and HCl are computed and presented in detail. However, these changes as calculated are insufficient to explain the observations of significant decreases in NO and NO2 and increases in HCl. A heterogeneous reaction catalyzed by aerosol surfaces which transforms ClNO3 into HCl provides a pathway for sequestering NOx, and at the same time reduces ClNO3 in favor of HCL. The inclusion of this reaction in the model leads to a satisfactory single-step explanation of the otherwise puzzling observations of NO, NO2, and HCl. The observed lack of change in HNO3 cannot be explained by this hypothesis. The effects of a number of heterogeneous reactions, some believed to be important for the Antarctic stratosphere, have been assessed with our model. We also examine the hypothesis of direct injection of gases from the volcano into the stratosphere. Only an unrealistically large injection (60% column increase above 12 km) results in an HCl increase in agreement with observations. An equally large water injection decreases HCl, and decreases the NO and NO2 by as much as 20%, but still does not simulate the observed NOx decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Michelangeli
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
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Kaye JA. Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effects in stratospheric HF by collisional energy transfer from electronically excited O(2) and implications for infrared remote sensing. APPLIED OPTICS 1989; 28:4161-4166. [PMID: 20555842 DOI: 10.1364/ao.28.004161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A possible nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) effect involving stratospheric HF arising from the direct photochemical excitation of vibrationally excited HF by collisional energy transfer from electronically excited O(2) [O(2)((1)Delta), O(2)((1)Sigma)] is presented. Although this non-LTE effect is smaller than one associated with the direct solar excitation of both HF(nu= 1) and HF(nu= 2), calculations show that inclusion of the mechanism proposed here into retrieval algorithms is necessary if correct daytime upper stratosphere HF profiles are to be inferred in future infrared thermal emission measurements. Accurate determinations of the state-to-state rate constants of the reactions involved in these excitation processes and of the quenching rates of vibrationally excited HF are needed if IR thermal emission techniques are to be accurately employed in the measurement of stratospheric HF.
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Abstract
The current understanding of stratospheric chemistry is reviewed with particular attention to the influence of human activity. Models are in good agreement with measurements for a variety of species in the mid-latitude stratosphere, with the possible exception of ozone (O(3)) at high altitude. Rates calculated for loss of O(3) exceed rates for production by about 40 percent at 40 kilometers, indicating a possible but as yet unidentified source of high-altitude O(3). The rapid loss of O(3) beginning in the mid-1970s at low altitudes over Antarctica in the spring is due primarily to catalytic cycles involving halogen radicals. Reactions on surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds play an important role in regulating the abundance of these radicals. Similar effects could occur in northern polar regions and in cold regions of the tropics. It is argued that the Antarctic phenomenon is likely to persist: prompt drastic reduction in the emission of industrial halocarbons is required if the damage to stratospheric O(3) is to be reversed.
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Burkholder JB, Hammer PD, Howard CJ, Goldman A. Infrared line intensity measurements in thev= 0–1 band of the ClO radical. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id02p02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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May RD, Webster CR. In situ stratospheric measurements of HNO3and HCl Near 30 km using the balloon-borne laser in situ sensor tunable diode laser spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id13p16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Lowes LL, Schaper PW, Blavier JF, Norton RH. Infrared aircraft measurements of stratospheric composition over Antarctica during September 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Kaye JA, Rood RB. Chemistry and transport in a three-dimensional stratospheric model: Chlorine species during a simulated stratospheric warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id01p01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Rinsland CP, Toon GC, Farmer CB, Norton RH, Namkung JS. Stratospheric N2O5profiles at sunrise and sunset from further analysis of the ATMOS/Spacelab 3 solar spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id15p18341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brown LR, Farmer CB, Rinsland CP, Toth RA. Molecular line parameters for the atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy experiment. APPLIED OPTICS 1987; 26:5154-5182. [PMID: 20523498 DOI: 10.1364/ao.26.005154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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High resolution infrared spectroscopy of the sun and the earth's atmosphere from space. Mikrochim Acta 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01201690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zander R, Rinsland CP, Farmer CB, Norton RH. Infrared spectroscopic measurements of halogenated source gases in the stratosphere with the ATMOS instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id08p09836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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