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Pan D, Pollack IB, Sive BC, Marsavin A, Naimie LE, Benedict KB, Zhou Y, Sullivan AP, Prenni AJ, Cope EJ, Juncosa Calahorrano JF, Fischer EV, Schichtel BA, Collett JL. Source characterization of volatile organic compounds at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:914-929. [PMID: 37850691 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2266696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CAVE), located in southeastern New Mexico, experiences elevated ground-level ozone (O3) exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 70 ppbv. It is situated adjacent to the Permian Basin, one of the largest oil and gas (O&G) producing regions in the US. In 2019, the Carlsbad Caverns Air Quality Study (CarCavAQS) was conducted to examine impacts of different sources on ozone precursors, including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we use positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of speciated VOCs to characterize VOC sources at CAVE during the study. Seven factors were identified. Three factors composed largely of alkanes and aromatics with different lifetimes were attributed to O&G development and production activities. VOCs in these factors were typical of those emitted by O&G operations. Associated residence time analyses (RTA) indicated their contributions increased in the park during periods of transport from the Permian Basin. These O&G factors were the largest contributor to VOC reactivity with hydroxyl radicals (62%). Two PMF factors were rich in photochemically generated secondary VOCs; one factor contained species with shorter atmospheric lifetimes and one with species with longer lifetimes. RTA of the secondary factors suggested impacts of O&G emissions from regions farther upwind, such as Eagle Ford Shale and Barnett Shale formations. The last two factors were attributed to alkenes likely emitted from vehicles or other combustion sources in the Permian Basin and regional background VOCs, respectively.Implications: Carlsbad Caverns National Park experiences ground-level ozone exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Volatile organic compounds are critical precursors to ozone formation. Measurements in the Park identify oil and gas production and development activities as the major contributors to volatile organic compounds. Emissions from the adjacent Permian Basin contributed to increases in primary species that enhanced local ozone formation. Observations of photochemically generated compounds indicate that ozone was also transported from shale formations and basins farther upwind. Therefore, emission reductions of volatile organic compounds from oil and gas activities are important for mitigating elevated O3 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Pan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Barkley C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - Andrey Marsavin
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lillian E Naimie
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy P Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anthony J Prenni
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elana J Cope
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Bardakov R, Krejci R, Riipinen I, Ekman AML. The Role of Convective Up- and Downdrafts in the Transport of Trace Gases in the Amazon. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD037265. [PMID: 36591340 PMCID: PMC9787969 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd037265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deep convective clouds can redistribute gaseous species and particulate matter among different layers of the troposphere with important implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate. The large number of atmospheric trace gases of different volatility makes it challenging to predict their partitioning between hydrometeors and gas phase inside highly dynamic deep convective clouds. In this study, we use an ensemble of 51,200 trajectories simulated with a cloud-resolving model to characterize up- and downdrafts within Amazonian deep convective clouds. We also estimate the transport of a set of hypothetical non-reactive gases of different volatility, within the up- and downdrafts. We find that convective air parcels originating from the boundary layer (i.e., originating at 0.5 km altitude), can transport up to 25% of an intermediate volatility gas species (e.g., methyl hydrogen peroxide) and up to 60% of high volatility gas species (e.g., n-butane) to the cloud outflow above 10 km through the mean convective updraft. At the same time, the same type of gases can be transported to the boundary layer from the middle troposphere (i.e., originating at 5 km) within the mean convective downdraft with an efficiency close to 100%. Low volatility gases (e.g., nitric acid) are not efficiently transported, neither by the updrafts nor downdrafts, if the gas is assumed to be fully retained in a droplet upon freezing. The derived properties of the mean up- and downdraft can be used in future studies for investigating convective transport of a larger set of reactive trace gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bardakov
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES)Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES)Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES)Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Annica M. L. Ekman
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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3
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Tripathi N, Sahu LK. Emissions and atmospheric concentrations of α-pinene at an urban site of India: Role of changes in meteorology. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127071. [PMID: 32470730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The measurements of a monoterpene (α-pinene) were performed by the PTR-TOF-MS instrument at an urban site of India from mid-January to March 2014. The daytime concentration increased from 0.15 ppb in the second-half of January to 0.40 ppb in the second-half of March. Both the nighttime and daytime ratios of α-pinene/benzene in the second-half of March were 2-3 times higher their respective values from mid-January to first-half of February. The ratios of α-pinene/benzene increased from ∼0.27 ppb ppb-1 at lower temperatures to ∼0.51 ppb ppb-1 at higher temperatures indicating the increase of biogenic emissions in March. The concentration of α-pinene exhibited exponential decline with wind speed, but the rate of decrease in February was about twice that for March. The nighttime ratios of α-pinene/isoprene were greater than those measured in the daytime, suggesting temperature-dependent biogenic emissions of α-pinene. From mid-January to March, the increase of ∼53% in the biogenic contributions of α-pinene were associated with the change in meteorological conditions. Our analysis suggests that the combined effect of the northwest wind flow and higher air temperatures in March favored the emissions of BVOCs from local vegetation. The exceptionally high concentrations of α-pinene up to 6 ppb were measured during the Holi bonfire festival. This is the first study reporting the change in α-pinene during winter-summer transition over India. In the urban regions of developing countries, high emissions of BVOCs from vegetation and of NOx from anthropogenic sources can act as a source of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Tripathi
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar (IITGn), Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Sahu
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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4
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Yáñez-Serrano AM, Bourtsoukidis E, Alves EG, Bauwens M, Stavrakou T, Llusià J, Filella I, Guenther A, Williams J, Artaxo P, Sindelarova K, Doubalova J, Kesselmeier J, Peñuelas J. Amazonian biogenic volatile organic compounds under global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4722-4751. [PMID: 32445424 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play important roles at cellular, foliar, ecosystem and atmospheric levels. The Amazonian rainforest represents one of the major global sources of BVOCs, so its study is essential for understanding BVOC dynamics. It also provides insights into the role of such large and biodiverse forest ecosystem in regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate. We review the current information on Amazonian BVOCs and identify future research priorities exploring biogenic emissions and drivers, ecological interactions, atmospheric impacts, depositional processes and modifications to BVOC dynamics due to changes in climate and land cover. A feedback loop between Amazonian BVOCs and the trends of climate and land-use changes in Amazonia is then constructed. Satellite observations and model simulation time series demonstrate the validity of the proposed loop showing a combined effect of climate change and deforestation on BVOC emission in Amazonia. A decreasing trend of isoprene during the wet season, most likely due to forest biomass loss, and an increasing trend of the sesquiterpene to isoprene ratio during the dry season suggest increasing temperature stress-induced emissions due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Yáñez-Serrano
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Efstratios Bourtsoukidis
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eliane G Alves
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Maite Bauwens
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joan Llusià
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Doubalova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Modelling and Assessment Department, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jürgen Kesselmeier
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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5
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Abstract
The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and argon, a variety of trace gases, and particles or aerosols from a variety of sources. Reactive, trace gases have short mean residence time in the atmosphere and large spatial and temporal variations in concentration. Many trace gases are removed by reaction with hydroxyl radical and deposition in rainfall or dryfall at the Earth's surface. The upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, contains ozone that screens ultraviolet light from the Earth's surface. Chlorofluorocarbons released by humans lead to the loss of stratospheric ozone, which might eventually render the Earth's land surface uninhabitable. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere, especially rising concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, will lead to climatic changes over much of the Earth's surface.
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6
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First oxidation products from the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with isoprene for pristine environmental conditions. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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7
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Ren Y, Grosselin B, Daële V, Mellouki A. Investigation of the reaction of ozone with isoprene, methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone using the HELIOS chamber. Faraday Discuss 2018; 200:289-311. [PMID: 28581006 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rate constants for the ozonolysis of isoprene (ISO), methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) have been measured using the newly built large volume atmospheric simulation chamber at CNRS-Orleans (France), HELIOS (Chambre de simulation atmosphérique à irradiation naturelle d'Orléans). The OH radical yields from the ozonolysis of isoprene, MACR and MVK have also been determined, as well as the gas phase stable products and their yields. The secondary organic aerosol yield for the ozonolysis of isoprene has been tentatively measured in the presence and absence of an OH radical scavenger. The measurements were performed under different experimental conditions with and without adding cyclohexane (cHX) as an OH radical scavenger. All experiments have been conducted at 760 torr of purified dry air (RH < 1%) and ambient temperature (T = 281-295 K). The data obtained are discussed and compared with those from the literature. The use of the HELIOS facility and its associated analytical equipment enables the derivation of kinetic parameters as well as mechanistic information under near realistic atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Ren
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS (UPR 3021), 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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8
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Berndt T, Mentler B, Scholz W, Fischer L, Herrmann H, Kulmala M, Hansel A. Accretion Product Formation from Ozonolysis and OH Radical Reaction of α-Pinene: Mechanistic Insight and the Influence of Isoprene and Ethylene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11069-11077. [PMID: 30192520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
α-Pinene (C10H16) represents one of the most important biogenic emissions in the atmosphere. Its oxidation products can significantly contribute to the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Here, we report on the formation mechanism of C19 and C20 accretion products from α-pinene oxidation, which are believed to be efficient SOA precursors. Measurements have been performed in a free-jet flow system. Detection of RO2 radicals and accretion products was carried out by recent mass spectrometric techniques using different ionization schemes. Observed C10-RO2 radicals from α-pinene ozonolysis were O,O-C10H15(O2) xO2 with x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and from the OH radical reaction HO-C10H16(O2)αO2 with α = 0, 1, 2. All detected C20 accretion products can be explained via the accretion reaction RO2 + R'O2 → ROOR' + O2 starting from the measured C10-RO2 radicals. We speculate that C19 accretion products are formed in an analogous way assuming CH2O elimination. Addition of isoprene (C5H8), producing C5-RO2 radicals, leads to C15 accretion products formed via cross-reactions with C10-RO2 radicals. This process is competing with the formation of C19/C20 products from the pure α-pinene oxidation. A similar behavior has been observed for ethylene additives that form C12 accretion products. In the atmosphere, a complex accretion product spectrum from self- and cross-reactions of available RO2 radicals can be expected. Modeling atmospheric conditions revealed that C19/C20 product formation is only reduced by a factor of 1.2 or 3.6 in isoprene-dominated environments assuming a 2- or 15-fold isoprene concentration over α-pinene, respectively, as present in different forested areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Berndt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics , University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 , Finland
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
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9
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Yu H, Guenther A, Gu D, Warneke C, Geron C, Goldstein A, Graus M, Karl T, Kaser L, Misztal P, Yuan B. Airborne measurements of isoprene and monoterpene emissions from southeastern U.S. forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:149-158. [PMID: 28384571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and monoterpene emission rates are essential inputs for atmospheric chemistry models that simulate atmospheric oxidant and particle distributions. Process studies of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms controlling these emissions are advancing our understanding and the accuracy of model predictions but efforts to quantify regional emissions have been limited by a lack of constraints on regional distributions of ecosystem emission capacities. We used an airborne wavelet-based eddy covariance measurement technique to characterize isoprene and monoterpene fluxes with high spatial resolution during the 2013 SAS (Southeast Atmosphere Study) in the southeastern United States. The fluxes measured by direct eddy covariance were comparable to emissions independently estimated using an indirect inverse modeling approach. Isoprene emission factors based on the aircraft wavelet flux estimates for high isoprene chemotypes (e.g., oaks) were similar to the MEGAN2.1 biogenic emission model estimates for landscapes dominated by oaks. Aircraft flux measurement estimates for landscapes with fewer isoprene emitting trees (e.g., pine plantations), were about a factor of two lower than MEGAN2.1 model estimates. The tendency for high isoprene emitters in these landscapes to occur in the shaded understory, where light dependent isoprene emissions are diminished, may explain the lower than expected emissions. This result demonstrates the importance of accurately representing the vertical profile of isoprene emitting biomass in biogenic emission models. Airborne measurement-based emission factors for high monoterpene chemotypes agreed with MEGAN2.1 in landscapes dominated by pine (high monoterpene chemotype) trees but were more than a factor of three higher than model estimates for landscapes dominated by oak (relatively low monoterpene emitting) trees. This results suggests that unaccounted processes, such as floral emissions or light dependent monoterpene emissions, or vegetation other than high monoterpene emitting trees may be an important source of monoterpene emissions in those landscapes and should be identified and included in biogenic emission models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Yu
- Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Department of Earth System Science, 3200 Croul Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA.
| | - Dasa Gu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Department of Earth System Science, 3200 Croul Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA; CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chris Geron
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environment Protection Agency, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Allen Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martin Graus
- Institute of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Karl
- Institute of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Kaser
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pawel Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA; CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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10
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Nölscher AC, Yañez-Serrano AM, Wolff S, de Araujo AC, Lavrič JV, Kesselmeier J, Williams J. Unexpected seasonality in quantity and composition of Amazon rainforest air reactivity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10383. [PMID: 26797390 PMCID: PMC4735797 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) removes most atmospheric pollutants from air. The loss frequency of OH radicals due to the combined effect of all gas-phase OH reactive species is a measureable quantity termed total OH reactivity. Here we present total OH reactivity observations in pristine Amazon rainforest air, as a function of season, time-of-day and height (0–80 m). Total OH reactivity is low during wet (10 s−1) and high during dry season (62 s−1). Comparison to individually measured trace gases reveals strong variation in unaccounted for OH reactivity, from 5 to 15% missing in wet-season afternoons to mostly unknown (average 79%) during dry season. During dry-season afternoons isoprene, considered the dominant reagent with OH in rainforests, only accounts for ∼20% of the total OH reactivity. Vertical profiles of OH reactivity are shaped by biogenic emissions, photochemistry and turbulent mixing. The rainforest floor was identified as a significant but poorly characterized source of OH reactivity. The degree to which biogenic volatile organic compounds released by the Amazon canopy impact oxidation capacity remains uncertain. Here, the authors evaluate the vertical distribution of total hydroxyl radical reactivity and individual trace gases in the Amazon rainforest, and determine seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Nölscher
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - A M Yañez-Serrano
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.,Clima e Ambiente (CLIAMB), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenue André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas CEP 69083-000, Brazil
| | - S Wolff
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.,Clima e Ambiente (CLIAMB), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenue André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas CEP 69083-000, Brazil
| | - A Carioca de Araujo
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Belem, Pará CEP 66095-100, Brazil
| | - J V Lavrič
- Biogeochemical Systems Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - J Kesselmeier
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - J Williams
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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11
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Bedjanian Y, Morin J, Romanias MN. Gas-Phase Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with p-Cymene over an Extended Temperature Range. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11076-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bedjanian
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - Julien Morin
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
| | - Manolis N. Romanias
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique,
Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS and Université d’Orléans, 45071 Cedex 2, Orléans, France
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12
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Braure T, Bedjanian Y, Romanias MN, Morin J, Riffault V, Tomas A, Coddeville P. Experimental Study of the Reactions of Limonene with OH and OD Radicals: Kinetics and Products. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9482-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507180g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Braure
- Département
Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement
(SAGE), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Douai, Douai 59508, France
| | - Yuri Bedjanian
- Institut
de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS, Orléans Cedex 2 45071, France
| | - Manolis N. Romanias
- Institut
de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS, Orléans Cedex 2 45071, France
| | - Julien Morin
- Institut
de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS, Orléans Cedex 2 45071, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- Département
Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement
(SAGE), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Douai, Douai 59508, France
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- Département
Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement
(SAGE), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Douai, Douai 59508, France
| | - Patrice Coddeville
- Département
Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement
(SAGE), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Douai, Douai 59508, France
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13
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White CS. Monoterpenes: Their effects on ecosystem nutrient cycling. J Chem Ecol 2013; 20:1381-406. [PMID: 24242344 DOI: 10.1007/bf02059813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/1993] [Accepted: 01/28/1994] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article explores the evidence for monoterpenes to alter rates of nutrient cycling, with particular emphasis on the nitrogen (N) cycle, from an ecosystem perspective. The general N cycle is reviewed and particular processes are noted where monoterpenes could exert control. The theoretical and conceptual basis for a proposed mode of action by which monoterpenes effect the processes of N mineralization and nitrification is presented, along with recent developments. It is hypothesized that monoterpenes retained in litter enhance the frequency of fire, which in turn changes many N-cycling processes. Experimental support for these roles is presented that includes effects at the cellular level and progresses through populations and communities (microbial and invertebrate) involved in N mineralization and immobilization processes. Since many inhibitors of ammonium oxidation also inhibit methane oxidation, monoterpenes also may alter processes within the carbon cycle. Finally, areas for future research that appear most promising are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S White
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 87131, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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14
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Montzka SA, Trainer M, Goldan PD, Kuster WC, Fehsenfeld FC. Isoprene and its oxidation products, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein, in the rural troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Enami S, Mishra H, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Protonation and oligomerization of gaseous isoprene on mildly acidic surfaces: implications for atmospheric chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6027-32. [PMID: 22356588 DOI: 10.1021/jp2110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In a global process linking the Earth's climate with its ecosystems, massive photosynthetic isoprene (ISOP) emissions are converted to light-scattering haze. This phenomenon is imperfectly captured by atmospheric chemistry models: predicted ISOP emissions atop forest canopies would deplete the oxidizing capacity of the overhead atmosphere, at variance with field observations. Here we address this key issue in novel laboratory experiments where we apply electrospray mass spectrometry to detect online the products of the reactive uptake of gaseous ISOP on the surface of aqueous jets as a function of acidity. We found that ISOP is already protonated to ISOPH(+) and undergoes cationic oligomerization to (ISOP)(2)H(+) and (ISOP)(3)H(+) on the surface of pH < 4 water jets. We estimate uptake coefficients, γ(ISOP) = (0.5 - 2.0) × 10(-6) on pH = 3 water, which translate into the significant reuptake of leaf-level ISOP emissions in typical (surface-to-volume ∼5 m(-1)) forests during realistic (a few minutes) in-canopy residence times. Our findings may also account for the rapid decay of ISOP in forests after sunset and help bring the global budget of volatile organic compounds closer to balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J, Patton EG, Karl T, van den Dries K, Barth MC, Orlando JJ. The role of boundary layer dynamics on the diurnal evolution of isoprene and the hydroxyl radical over tropical forests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Orlando JP, Alvim DS, Yamazaki A, Corrêa SM, Gatti LV. Ozone precursors for the São Paulo Metropolitan Area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1612-1620. [PMID: 20034654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ozone represents the main atmospheric pollutant in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). In this region, its concentration exceeds the national air quality standards for several days out of the year. Ozone is a secondary pollutant and is a product of VOCs, NO(x), and sunlight. Thus, it is very difficult to elaborate efficient strategies for its reduction. Computational simulations may provide an interesting alternative to evaluate the many factors that affect ozone formation. In this study, the trajectory model OZIPR was used together with the SAPRC chemical mechanism to determine the incremental reactivity scale for VOCs in the SPMA. VOC input data were obtained from two campaigns that were performed in the studied area in 2006. Values for CO, NO(x), and meteorological parameters were obtained by automatic monitors. Five base-cases were created to verify the variation in maximum ozone concentration and thus determine the ozone formation potential of each VOC. NO(x) and VOC emissions were independently and simultaneously reduced by 5, 10, 20, and 30% to verify variations in ozone formation. With the simulator output data, ozone isopleths charts were generated for the city of São Paulo. Analysis of the obtained results shows that the most frequent compounds found among the ten main ozone precursors in São Paulo, using the reactivity scales created from the five base-cases, were: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propene, isoprene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene, with formaldehyde being always the main ozone precursor compound. The simulations also show that an efficient strategy to decrease ozone concentrations in the SPMA would be to reduce total VOC emissions. The same strategy is not possible for NO(x), as the reduction of these pollutants would increase ozone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Orlando
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Av. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Kansal A. Sources and reactivity of NMHCs and VOCs in the atmosphere: a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 166:17-26. [PMID: 19136203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important species present in the environment, which results in alteration of the chemistry of atmosphere. On the global scale natural emissions of NMHCs and VOCs exceed anthropogenic emissions, although anthropogenic sources usually dominate within urban areas. Among the natural sources, vegetation is the dominant source. Oceanic and microbial production of these species is minimal as compared to other sources of input. Isoprene and terpenes are main species of NMHCs which are emitted from plants as a protective mechanism against temperature stress tolerance and protection from ravages of insects and pests. The major anthropogenic sources for NMHCs emissions are biomass burning and transportation. NMHCs play a significant role in ozone (O(3)) production in the presence of adequate concentration of oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere. The production of O(3) is based on Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) of NMHCS and VOCs. The compound's MIR multiplied by molecular weight gives Relative Ozone Productivity (ROPi). To check the reliability of current methods of measuring the NMHCs the Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Inter-comparison Experiment (NMHICE) had been designed. The sample of known composition and unknown concentration of different hydrocarbons was supplied to different laboratories worldwide and less than 50% laboratories correctly separated the unknown mixture. Atmospheric scientists throughout the world are evaluating current analytical methods being employed and are trying to correct the problems to ensure quality control in hydrocarbon analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kansal
- Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board, E-115 Nehru Colony, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
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Wiberley AE, Donohue AR, Westphal MM, Sharkey TD. Regulation of isoprene emission from poplar leaves throughout a day. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:939-947. [PMID: 19389050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a biogenic hydrocarbon that significantly affects tropospheric chemistry. Numerous plant species, including many trees, emit isoprene. Isoprene is synthesized by isoprene synthase (IspS), from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) made by the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. It has been demonstrated that in developing leaves, isoprene emission is regulated by transcriptional control of IspS, while in mature leaves subjected to changing growth temperature, regulation of emission is shared between IspS and DMADP supply from the MEP pathway. Isoprene emission also varies throughout a day, with circadian regulation implicated. This study investigated changes in isoprene emission capacity, and expression of IspS and the enzymes of the MEP pathway throughout several days, with Populus trichocarpa grown at different temperatures to induce different levels of isoprene emission. Isoprene emission capacity exhibited ultradian regulation, with a period of about 12 h; peak capacity was observed at 0300 and 1500 h daily. Several of the enzymes of the MEP pathway had previously been suggested to have regulatory roles in the production of other plastidic terpenoids, and transcript accumulation for these enzymes, combined with in silico promoter analyses, supported a regulatory role for deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Wiberley
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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20
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Natural volatile organic compound emissions from plants and their roles in oxidant balance and particle formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Artaxo P, Rizzo LV, Paixão M, de Lucca S, Oliveira PH, Lara LL, Wiedemann KT, Andreae MO, Holben B, Schafer J, Correia AL, Pauliquevis TM. Aerosol particles in Amazonia: Their composition, role in the radiation balance, cloud formation, and nutrient cycles. AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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22
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Barkley MP, Palmer PI, Kuhn U, Kesselmeier J, Chance K, Kurosu TP, Martin RV, Helmig D, Guenther A. Net ecosystem fluxes of isoprene over tropical South America inferred from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) observations of HCHO columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Bäckstrand K, Crill PM, Mastepanov M, Christensen TR, Bastviken D. Total hydrocarbon flux dynamics at a subarctic mire in northern Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Oremland RS, Voytek MA. Acetylene as fast food: implications for development of life on anoxic primordial Earth and in the outer solar system. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:45-58. [PMID: 18199006 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acetylene occurs, by photolysis of methane, in the atmospheres of jovian planets and Titan. In contrast, acetylene is only a trace component of Earth's current atmosphere. Nonetheless, a methane-rich atmosphere has been hypothesized for early Earth; this atmosphere would also have been rich in acetylene. This poses a paradox, because acetylene is a potent inhibitor of many key anaerobic microbial processes, including methanogenesis, anaerobic methane oxidation, nitrogen fixation, and hydrogen oxidation. Fermentation of acetylene was discovered approximately 25 years ago, and Pelobacter acetylenicus was shown to grow on acetylene by virtue of acetylene hydratase, which results in the formation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde subsequently dismutates to ethanol and acetate (plus some hydrogen). However, acetylene hydratase is specific for acetylene and does not react with any analogous compounds. We hypothesize that microbes with acetylene hydratase played a key role in the evolution of Earth's early biosphere by exploiting an available source of carbon from the atmosphere and in so doing formed protective niches that allowed for other microbial processes to flourish. Furthermore, the presence of acetylene in the atmosphere of a planet or planetoid could possibly represent evidence for an extraterrestrial anaerobic ecosystem.
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Karl T, Guenther A, Yokelson RJ, Greenberg J, Potosnak M, Blake DR, Artaxo P. The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Emission, chemistry, and transport of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the lower atmosphere over Amazonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tie X, Li G, Ying Z, Guenther A, Madronich S. Biogenic emissions of isoprenoids and NO in China and comparison to anthropogenic emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 371:238-51. [PMID: 17027064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a regional dynamical model (WRF) is used to drive biogenic emission models to calculate high resolution (10x10 km) biogenic emissions of isoprene (C(5)H(8)), monoterpenes (C(10)H(16)), and nitric oxide (NO) in China. This high resolution biogenic inventory will be available for the community to study the effect of biogenic emissions on photochemical oxidants in China. The biogenic emissions are compared to anthropogenic emissions to gain insight on the potential impact of the biogenic emissions on tropospheric chemistry, especially ozone production in this region. The results show that the biogenic emissions in China exhibit strongly diurnal, seasonal, and spatial variations. The isoprenoid (including both isoprene and monoterpenes) emissions are closely correlated to tree density and strongly vary with season and local time. During winter (January), the biogenic isoprenoid emissions are the lowest, resulting from lower temperature and solar radiation, and highest in summer (July) due to higher temperature and solar radiation. The biogenic NO emissions are also higher during summer and lower during winter, but the magnitude of the seasonal variation is smaller than the emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes. The biogenic emissions of NO are widely spread out in the northern, eastern, and southern China regions, where high-density agricultural soil lands are located. Both biogenic NO and isoprenoid emissions are very small in western China. The calculated total biogenic emission budget is smaller than the total anthropogenic VOC emission budget in China. The biogenic isoprenoid and anthropogenic VOC emissions are 10.9 and 15.1 Tg year(-1), respectively. The total biogenic and anthropogenic emissions of NO are 5.9 and 11.5 Tg(NO) year(-1), respectively. The study shows that in central eastern China, the estimated biogenic emissions of isoprenoids are very small, and the anthropogenic emissions of VOCs are dominant in this region. However, in northeastern and southern China, there are relatively large biogenic emissions of isoprenoids, leading to an important impact on the ozone production in these regions. Furthermore, the emissions of isoprenoids are highest during summer and noontime, which correlates to the peak of ozone production period. For example, the ratio between summer and winter for the emissions of isoprenoids is about 15 in China. As a result, the biogenic emissions of isoprenoids are significantly larger than the anthropogenic emissions of VOCs in China during daytime in summer. Biogenic NO emissions are mostly produced by agricultural soils which co-exist with large populations and human activity. As a result, the biogenic emissions of NO are mostly overlapped with the anthropogenic emissions of NO, leading to the enhancement in NO concentrations in the high anthropogenic NO emission regions. Finally, the future emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes over China are estimated. The results show that the future biogenic emissions may increase significantly due to land cover changes in central eastern China, which could have a very important impact on ozone formation in this region. However, these estimates are highly uncertain and are presented as a potential scenario to show the importance of possible changes of biogenic emissions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexi Tie
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
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27
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Atkinson R, Hasegawa D, Aschmann SM. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of O3with a series of monoterpenes and related compounds at 296 ± 2 K. INT J CHEM KINET 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550220807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Karl T. Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: Implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Wiedinmyer C, Guenther A, Harley P, Hewitt N, Geron C, Artaxo P, Steinbrecher R, Rasmussen R. Global Organic Emissions from Vegetation. ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2167-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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30
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Karbiwnyk CM, Mills CS, Helmig D, Birks JW. Use of chloroflurocarbons as internal standards for the measurement of atmospheric non-methane volatile organic compounds sampled onto solid adsorbent cartridges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:1002-7. [PMID: 12666932 DOI: 10.1021/es025910q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Solid adsorbents have proven useful for determining the vertical profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using sampling platforms such as balloons, kites, and light aircraft, and those profiles provide valuable information about the sources, sinks, transformations, and transport of atmospheric VOCs. One of the largest contributions to error in VOC concentrations is the estimation of the volume of air sampled on the adsorbent cartridge. These errors arise from different sources, such as variations in pumping flow rates from changes in ambient temperature and pressure with altitude, and decrease in the sampling pump battery power. Another significant source for sampling rate variations are differences in the flow resistance of individual sampling cartridges. To improve the accuracy and precision of VOC measurements, the use of ambient chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as internal standards was investigated. A multibed solid adsorbent, AirToxic (Supelco), was chosen for its wide sampling range (C3-C12). Analysis was accomplished by thermal desorption and dual detection GC/FID/ECD, resulting in sensitive and selective detection of both VOCs and CFCs in the same sample. Long-lived chlorinated compounds (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4 and CH3CCl3) banned by the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments were studied for their ability to predict sample volumes using both ground-based and vertical profiling platforms through the boundary layer and free troposphere. Of these compounds, CFC-113 and CCl4 were found to yield the greatest accuracy and precision for sampling volume determination. Use of ambient CFC-113 and CCl4 as internal standards resulted in accuracy and precision of generally better than 10% for the prediction of sample volumes in ground-, balloon-, and aircraft-based measurements. Consequently, use of CFCs as reference compounds can yield a significant improvement of accuracy and precision for ambient VOC measurements in situations where accurate flow control is troublesome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Karbiwnyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIBS), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216, USA
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31
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von Kuhlmann R. A model for studies of tropospheric ozone and nonmethane hydrocarbons: Model evaluation of ozone-related species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Sudo K, Takahashi M, Akimoto H. CHASER: A global chemical model of the troposphere 2. Model results and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Sudo
- Center for Climate System Research; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaaki Takahashi
- Center for Climate System Research; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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33
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Monson RK. Volatile organic compound emissions from terrestrial ecosystems: A primary biological control over atmospheric chemistry. Isr J Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1560/0jjc-xqaa-jx0g-fxjg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Kesselmeier J. Concentrations and species composition of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as observed during the wet and dry season in Rondônia (Amazonia). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Andreae MO. Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA-EUSTACH experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Kuhn U. Isoprene and monoterpene emissions of Amazônian tree species during the wet season: Direct and indirect investigations on controlling environmental functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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38
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Orlando JJ, Nozière B, Tyndall GS, Orzechowska GE, Paulson SE, Rudich Y. Product studies of the OH- and ozone-initiated oxidation of some monoterpenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Spivakovsky CM, Logan JA, Montzka SA, Balkanski YJ, Foreman-Fowler M, Jones DBA, Horowitz LW, Fusco AC, Brenninkmeijer CAM, Prather MJ, Wofsy SC, McElroy MB. Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Verver GHL, van Dop H, Holtslag AAM. Turbulent mixing and the chemical breakdown of isoprene in the atmospheric boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Greenberg JP, Guenther AB, Madronich S, Baugh W, Ginoux P, Druilhet A, Delmas R, Delon C. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in central Africa during the Experiment for the Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxidants (EXPRESSO) biomass burning season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Delmas RA, Druilhet A, Cros B, Durand P, Delon C, Lacaux JP, Brustet JM, Serça D, Affre C, Guenther A, Greenberg J, Baugh W, Harley P, Klinger L, Ginoux P, Brasseur G, Zimmerman PR, Grégoire JM, Janodet E, Tournier A, Perros P, Marion T, Gaudichet A, Cachier H, Ruellan S, Masclet P, Cautenet S, Poulet D, Biona CB, Nganga D, Tathy JP, Minga A, Loemba-Ndembi J, Ceccato P. Experiment for Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxidants (EXPRESSO): An overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Doskey PV, Gao W. Vertical mixing and chemistry of isoprene in the atmospheric boundary layer: Aircraft-based measurements and numerical modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Reid JS, Hobbs PV, Ferek RJ, Blake DR, Martins JV, Dunlap MR, Liousse C. Physical, chemical, and optical properties of regional hazes dominated by smoke in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Hauglustaine DA, Brasseur GP, Walters S, Rasch PJ, Müller JF, Emmons LK, Carroll MA. MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers: 2. Model results and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Helmig D, Balsley B, Davis K, Kuck LR, Jensen M, Bognar J, Smith T, Arrieta RV, Rodríguez R, Birks JW. Vertical profiling and determination of landscape fluxes of biogenic nonmethane hydrocarbons within the planetary boundary layer in the Peruvian Amazon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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