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Panda S, Mallik C, Nath J, Das T, Ramasamy B. A study on variation of atmospheric pollutants over Bhubaneswar during imposition of nationwide lockdown in India for the COVID-19 pandemic. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:97-108. [PMID: 32863984 PMCID: PMC7444864 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The nationwide lockdown in India to flatten the pandemic COVID-19 curve has resulted in the reduction of anthropogenic emission sources to a great extent. This study reports change in air quality and its impact on the environment during the unique lockdown scenario at Bhubaneswar, a coastal smart city in east India. The urban air shows a remarkable reduction in the mean pollutant levels influenced by traffic emission viz. NOx (~ 67 %) and BC (~ 47 %) during lockdown over the pre-lockdown. Comparatively, a lower reduction of CO (~ 14 %) is attributed to the dominance of natural atmospheric chemical regulation and biogenic sources in addition to anthropogenic contributions. In addition to the lockdown, frequent rain events due to depression in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) also had a significant role in the reduction of the primary pollutants over the study site. An enhancement of secondary pollutant viz. O3 (~ 3%) with a distinct diurnal pattern was observed during the first phase of lockdown over the pre-lockdown period. An anti-correlation between O3 and NOx during pre-lockdown points to a higher O3 production potential with decreasing NOx. While a reduction in the titration of O3 due to suppression of fresh NO emissions led to accumulation of O3 in the first phase of lockdown, inhibited photochemistry due to cloudy skies as well as reduction in precursors led to lower O3 values during the later phases of lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasmita Panda
- Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chinmay Mallik
- School of Earth Sciences, Department of Atmospheric Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jyotishree Nath
- Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013 India
| | - Trupti Das
- Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Boopathy Ramasamy
- Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013 India
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Crutzen PJ, Andreae MO. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 2010; 250:1669-78. [PMID: 17734705 DOI: 10.1126/science.250.4988.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biomass burning is widespread, especially in the tropics. It serves to clear land for shifting cultivation, to convert forests to agricultural and pastoral lands, and to remove dry vegetation in order to promote agricultural productivity and the growth of higher yield grasses. Furthermore, much agricultural waste and fuel wood is being combusted, particularly in developing countries. Biomass containing 2 to 5 petagrams of carbon is burned annually (1 petagram = 10(15) grams), producing large amounts of trace gases and aerosol particles that play important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate. Emissions of carbon monoxide and methane by biomass burning affect the oxidation efficiency of the atmosphere by reacting with hydroxyl radicals, and emissions of nitric oxide and hydrocarbons lead to high ozone concentrations in the tropics during the dry season. Large quantities of smoke particles are produced as well, and these can serve as cloud condensation nuclei. These particles may thus substantially influence cloud microphysical and optical properties, an effect that could have repercussions for the radiation budget and the hydrological cycle in the tropics. Widespread burning may also disturb biogeochemical cycles, especially that of nitrogen. About 50 percent of the nitrogen in the biomass fuel can be released as molecular nitrogen. This pyrdenitrification process causes a sizable loss of fixed nitrogen in tropical ecosystems, in the range of 10 to 20 teragrams per year (1 teragram = 10(12) grams).
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Kaspers KA. Seasonal cycles of nonmethane hydrocarbons and methyl chloride, as derived from firn air from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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von Kuhlmann R, Lawrence MG, Crutzen PJ, Rasch PJ. A model for studies of tropospheric ozone and nonmethane hydrocarbons: Model description and ozone results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philip J. Rasch
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Cros B, Delon C, Affre C, Marion T, Druilhet A, Perros PE, Lopez A. Sources and sinks of ozone in savanna and forest areas during EXPRESSO: Airborne turbulent flux measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marufu L, Dentener F, Lelieveld J, Andreae MO, Helas G. Photochemistry of the African troposphere: Influence of biomass-burning emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Logan JA. An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere: Recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Novelli PC, Masarie KA, Lang PM. Distributions and recent changes of carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matsueda H, Inoue HY, Sawa Y, Tsutsumi Y, Ishii M. Carbon monoxide in the upper troposphere over the western Pacific between 1993 and 1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jenkins GS, Mohr K, Morris VR, Arino O. The role of convective processes over the Zaire-Congo Basin to the southern hemispheric ozone maximum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Loring RO, Fuelberg HE, Fishman J, Watson MV, Browell EV. Influence of a middle-latitude cyclone on tropospheric ozone distributions during a period of TRACE A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nganga D, Minga A, Cros B, Biona CB, Fishman J, Grant WB. The vertical distribution of ozone measured at Brazzaville, Congo during TRACE A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kirchhoff VWJH, Alvalá PC. Overview of an aircraft expedition into the Brazilian cerrado for the observation of atmospheric trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fishman J, Hoell JM, Bendura RD, McNeal RJ, Kirchhoff VWJH. NASA GTE TRACE A experiment (September-October 1992): Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Konzelmann T, Cahoon DR, Whitlock CH. Impact of biomass burning in equatorial Africa on the downward surface shortwave irradiance: Observations versus calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Diab RD, Thompson AM, Zunckel M, Coetzee GJR, Combrink J, Bodeker GE, Fishman J, Sokolic F, McNamara DP, Archer CB, Nganga D. Vertical ozone distribution over southern Africa and adjacent oceans during SAFARI-92. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Kirchhoff VWJH, Alves JR, da Silva FR, Fishman J. Observations of ozone concentrations in the Brazilian cerrado during the TRACE A field expedition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cooke WF, Koffi B, Grégoire JM. Seasonality of vegetation fires in Africa from remote sensing data and application to a global chemistry model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Delmas R, Lacaux JP, Brocard D. Determination of biomass burning emission factors: Methods and results. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1995; 38:181-204. [PMID: 24197944 DOI: 10.1007/bf00546762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning, in a broad sense, encompasses different burning practices, including open and confined burnings, and different types of vegetation. Emission factors of gaseous or particulate trace compounds are directly dependent both on the fuel type and the combustion process. Emission factors are generally calculated by stoichiometric considerations using the carbon mass balance method, applied either to combustion chamber experiments or to field experiments based on ground-level measurements or aircraft sampling in smoke plumes. There have been a number of experimental studies in the last 10 years to investigate wildfires in tropical, temperate, or boreal regions. This article presents an overview of measurement methods and experimental data on emission factors of reactive or radiatively active trace compounds, including trace gases and particles. It focuses on fires in tropical regions, that is, forest and savanna fires, agricultural burns, charcoal production, use of fuelwood, and charcoal combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Delmas
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie (URA CNRS 354), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
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Cautenet S, Lefeivre B. Contrasting behavior of gas and aerosol scavenging in convective rain: A numerical and experimental study in the African equatorial forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anderson BE, Gregory GL, Barrick JDW, Collins JE, Sachse GW, Hudgins CH, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST. Factors influencing dry season ozone distributions over the tropical South Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fishman J, Brackftt V, Fakhruzzaman K. Distribution of tropospheric ozone in the tropics from satellite and ozonesonde measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(92)90099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lacaux J, Loemba-Ndembi J, Lefeivre B, Cros B, Delmas R. Biogenic emissions and biomass burning influences on the chemistry of the fogwater and stratiform precipitations in the African equatorial forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90167-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cros B, Nganga D, Minga A, Fishman J, Brackett V. Distribution of tropospheric ozone at Brazzaville, Congo, determined from ozonesonde measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fontan J, Druilhet A, Benech B, Lyra R, Cros B. The DECAFE experiments: Overview and meteorology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Andreae MO, Chapuis A, Cros B, Fontan J, Helas G, Justice C, Kaufman YJ, Minga A, Nganga D. Ozone and Aitken nuclei over equatorial Africa: Airborne observations during DECAFE 88. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kaufman YJ, Setzer A, Ward D, Tanre D, Holben BN, Menzel P, Pereira MC, Rasmussen R. Biomass Burning Airborne and Spaceborne Experiment in the Amazonas (BASE-A). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cros B, Fontan J, Minga A, Helas G, Nganga D, Delmas R, Chapuis A, Benech B, Druilhet A, Andreae MO. Vertical profiles of ozone between 0 and 400 meters in and above the African equatorial forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Paluch IR, Lenschow DH, Hudson JG, Pearson R. Transport and mixing processes in the lower troposphere over the ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hough AM. Development of a two-dimensional global tropospheric model: Model chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chatfield RB, Delany AC. Convection links biomass burning to increased tropical ozone: However, models will tend to overpredict O3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id11p18473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fishman J, Watson CE, Larsen JC, Logan JA. Distribution of tropospheric ozone determined from satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id04p03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Watson CE, Fishman J, Reichle HG. The significance of biomass burning as a source of carbon monoxide and ozone in the southern hemisphere tropics: A satellite analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Harriss RC, Garstang M, Wofsy SC, Beck SM, Bendura RJ, Coelho JRB, Drewry JW, Hoell JM, Matson PA, McNeal RJ, Molion LCB, Navarro RL, Rabine V, Snell RL. The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment: Wet season 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lefohn AS, Krupa SV, Winstanley D. Surface ozone exposures measured at clean locations around the world. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1990; 63:189-224. [PMID: 15092317 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(90)90155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/1989] [Accepted: 09/25/1989] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For assessing the effects of air pollution on vegetation, some researchers have used control chambers as the basis of comparison between crops and trees grown in contemporary polluted rural locations and those grown in a clean environment. There has been some concern whether the arbitrary ozone level of 0.025 ppm and below, often used in charcoal-filtration chambers to simulate the natural background concentration of ozone, is appropriate. Because of the many complex and man-made factors that influence ozone levels, it is difficult to determine natural background. To identify a range of ozone exposures that occur at 'clean' sites, we have calculated ozone exposures observed at a number of 'clean' monitoring sites located in the United States and Canada. We do not claim that these sites are totally free from human influence, but rather than the ozone concentrations observed at these 'clean' sites may be appropriate for use by vegetation researchers in control chambers as pragmatic and defensible surrogates for natural background. For comparison, we have also calculated ozone exposures observed at four 'clean' remote sites in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and at two remote sites (Whiteface Mountain, NY and Hohenpeissenberg, FRG) that are considered to be more polluted. Exposure indices relevant for describing the relationship between ozone and vegetation effects were applied. For studying the effects of ozone on vegetation, the higher concentrations are of interest. The sigmoidally-weighted index appeared to best separate those sites that experienced frequent high concentration exposures from those that experienced few high concentrations. Although there was a consistent seasonal pattern for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Monitoring for Climate Change (GMCC) sites indicating a winter/spring maximum, this was not the case for the other remote sites. Some sites in the continental United States and southern Canada experienced ozone exposures in the range between those values experienced at the South Pole and Mauna Loa NOAA GMCC sites. The 7-month average of the daily 7 h average ozone concentration at 'clean' sites located in the continental United States and southern Canada ranged from 0.028 to 0.050 ppm. Our analysis indicates that seasonal 7 h average values of 0.025 ppm and below, used by some vegetation researchers as a reference point, may be too low and that estimates of crop losses and tree damage in many locations may have been too high. Our analysis indicates that a more appropriate reference point in North America might be between 0.030 and 0.045 ppm. We have observed that the subtle effects of changing distribution patterns of hourly average ozone concentrations may be obscured with the use of exposure indices such as the monthly average. Future assessments of the effects associated with ground-level ozone should involve the use of exposure indices sensitive to changes in the distribution patterns of hourly average ozone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lefohn
- ASL & Associates, 111 North Last Chance Gulch, Helena, Montana 59601, USA
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Kirchhoff VWJH, da Silva IMO, Browell EV. Ozone measurements in Amazonia: Dry season versus wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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