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Almaraz M, Bai E, Wang C, Trousdell J, Conley S, Faloona I, Houlton BZ. Agriculture is a major source of NO x pollution in California. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao3477. [PMID: 29399630 PMCID: PMC5792222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO2) are a primary component of air pollution-a leading cause of premature death in humans and biodiversity declines worldwide. Although regulatory policies in California have successfully limited transportation sources of NO x pollution, several of the United States' worst-air quality districts remain in rural regions of the state. Site-based findings suggest that NO x emissions from California's agricultural soils could contribute to air quality issues; however, a statewide estimate is hitherto lacking. We show that agricultural soils are a dominant source of NO x pollution in California, with especially high soil NO x emissions from the state's Central Valley region. We base our conclusion on two independent approaches: (i) a bottom-up spatial model of soil NO x emissions and (ii) top-down airborne observations of atmospheric NO x concentrations over the San Joaquin Valley. These approaches point to a large, overlooked NO x source from cropland soil, which is estimated to increase the NO x budget by 20 to 51%. These estimates are consistent with previous studies of point-scale measurements of NO x emissions from the soil. Our results highlight opportunities to limit NO x emissions from agriculture by investing in management practices that will bring co-benefits to the economy, ecosystems, and human health in rural areas of California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Almaraz
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Edith Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Chao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Justin Trousdell
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen Conley
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ian Faloona
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin Z. Houlton
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Shaw MD, Carpenter LJ. Modification of ozone deposition and I2 emissions at the air-aqueous interface by dissolved organic carbon of marine origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10947-10954. [PMID: 24004338 DOI: 10.1021/es4011459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The reaction between gaseous ozone (O3) and aqueous iodide (I(-)) at the surface microlayer (SML) is believed to be a major chemical contributor to the oceanic dry deposition of O3 over open ocean waters and has also recently been shown to produce environmentally significant quantities of gaseous molecular iodine (I2). Here we investigate how this reaction is affected by the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of marine origin, using a heterogeneous flow reactor and detection of gaseous I2 by solvent trapping and UV/vis spectroscopy. Ozone deposition measurements over coastal seawater implied an O3 reactivity (λ) toward coastal marine DOC of ∼500 (420-580) s(-1), 2-5 times higher than that toward iodide at typical ocean concentrations (∼0.5-1 × 10(-7) M). We added varying amounts of highly concentrated DOC extracted from coastal seawater to I(-) solutions (1 × 10(-5) M) such that the relative reactivities of DOC and I(-) toward O3 (λDOC/λI) were in the expected range for natural seawater. The evolution of gaseous I2 and the loss of aqueous I(-) both reduced as DOC concentrations increased, with an overall suppression of I2 emissions of about a factor of 2 under conditions of λDOC/λI representative of open ocean waters (0.5-1). A kinetic model of the SML suggested that neither competition of DOC with I(-) for reaction with interfacial O3, nor direct loss of I2 and hypoiodous acid (HOI) through reaction with increasing quantities of DOC, can fully explain these results. We conclude that the suppression of I2 emissions by DOC is largely a physical effect arising from a decrease in the net transfer of I2 from the aqueous to gas phase, as suggested by recent laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin D Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York, UK Y010 5DD
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Hübler G, Fahey DW, Ridley BA, Gregory GL, Fehsenfeld FC. Airborne measurements of total reactive odd nitrogen (NOy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Helmig D, Lang EK, Bariteau L, Boylan P, Fairall CW, Ganzeveld L, Hare JE, Hueber J, Pallandt M. Atmosphere-ocean ozone fluxes during the TexAQS 2006, STRATUS 2006, GOMECC 2007, GasEx 2008, and AMMA 2008 cruises. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grachev AA, Bariteau L, Fairall CW, Hare JE, Helmig D, Hueber J, Lang EK. Turbulent fluxes and transfer of trace gases from ship-based measurements during TexAQS 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sakamoto Y, Yabushita A, Kawasaki M, Enami S. Direct Emission of I2 Molecule and IO Radical from the Heterogeneous Reactions of Gaseous Ozone with Aqueous Potassium Iodide Solution. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7707-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903486u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yabushita
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Kondo Y, Nakamura K, Chen G, Takegawa N, Koike M, Miyazaki Y, Kita K, Crawford J, Ko M, Blake DR, Kawakami S, Shirai T, Liley B, Wang Y, Ogawa T. Photochemistry of ozone over the western Pacific from winter to spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Nakamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - G. Chen
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - N. Takegawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Miyazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Kita
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science; Ibaraki University; Mito Japan
| | - J. Crawford
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - M. Ko
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - S. Kawakami
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Shirai
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - B. Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Lauder New Zealand
| | - Y. Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - T. Ogawa
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
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Singh HB. In situ measurements of HCN and CH3CN over the Pacific Ocean: Sources, sinks, and budgets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Maloney JC, Fuelberg HE, Avery MA, Crawford JH, Blake DR, Heikes BG, Sachse GW, Sandholm ST, Singh H, Talbot RW. Chemical characteristics of air from different source regions during the second Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropics (PEM-Tropics B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Laat ATJ, Lelieveld J. Diurnal ozone cycle in the tropical and subtropical marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Board AS, Fuelberg HE, Gregory GL, Heikes BG, Schultz MG, Blake DR, Dibb JE, Sandholm ST, Talbot RW. Chemical characteristics of air from differing source regions during the Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics A (PEM-Tropics A). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pearson RJ, Oncley SP, Delany AC. A scalar similarity study based on surface layer ozone measurements over cotton during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Russell LM, Lenschow DH, Laursen KK, Krummel PB, Siems ST, Bandy AR, Thornton DC, Bates TS. Bidirectional mixing in an ACE 1 marine boundary layer overlain by a second turbulent layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crawford J, Davis D, Chen G, Bradshaw J, Sandholm S, Kondo Y, Liu S, Browell E, Gregory G, Anderson B, Sachse G, Collins J, Barrick J, Blake D, Talbot R, Singh H. An assessment of ozone photochemistry in the extratropical western North Pacific: Impact of continental outflow during the late winter/early spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crawford JH, Davis DD, Chen G, Bradshaw J, Sandholm S, Kondo Y, Merrill J, Liu S, Browell E, Gregory G, Anderson B, Sachse G, Barrick J, Blake D, Talbot R, Pueschel R. Implications of large scale shifts in tropospheric NOxlevels in the remote tropical Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heikes B, Lee M, Jacob D, Talbot R, Bradshaw J, Singh H, Blake D, Anderson B, Fuelberg H, Thompson AM. Ozone, hydroperoxides, oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbon budgets in the marine boundary layer over the South Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Singh HB, Herlth D, Kolyer R, Chatfield R, Viezee W, Salas LJ, Chen Y, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Talbot R, Gregory GL, Anderson B, Sachse GW, Browell E, Bachmeier AS, Blake DR, Heikes B, Jacob D, Fuelberg HE. Impact of biomass burning emissions on the composition of the South Atlantic troposphere: Reactive nitrogen and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Blomquist BW, Bandy AR, Thornton DC. Sulfur gas measurements in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Noone KJ, Schillawski RD, Kok GL, Bretherton CS, Huebert BJ. Ozone in the marine atmosphere observed during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Davis D, Crawford J, Liu S, McKeen S, Bandy A, Thornton D, Rowland F, Blake D. Potential impact of iodine on tropospheric levels of ozone and other critical oxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Singh HB, Gregory GL, Anderson B, Browell E, Sachse GW, Davis DD, Crawford J, Bradshaw JD, Talbot R, Blake DR, Thornton D, Newell R, Merrill J. Low ozone in the marine boundary layer of the tropical Pacific Ocean: Photochemical loss, chlorine atoms, and entrainment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Davis DD, Crawford J, Chen G, Chameides W, Liu S, Bradshaw J, Sandholm S, Sachse G, Gregory G, Anderson B, Barrick J, Bachmeier A, Collins J, Browell E, Blake D, Rowland S, Kondo Y, Singh H, Talbot R, Heikes B, Merrill J, Rodriguez J, Newell RE. Assessment of ozone photochemistry in the western North Pacific as inferred from PEM-West A observations during the fall 1991. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ritter JA, Barrick JDW, Watson CE, Sachse GW, Gregory GL, Anderson BE, Woerner MA, Collins JE. Airborne boundary layer flux measurements of trace species over Canadian boreal forest and northern wetland regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Paluch IR, Lenschow DH, Hudson JG, Pearson R. Transport and mixing processes in the lower troposphere over the ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacob DJ, Fan SM, Wofsy SC, Spiro PA, Bakwin PS, Ritter JA, Browell EV, Gregory GL, Fitzjarrald DR, Moore KE. Deposition of ozone to tundra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ritter JA, Barrick JDW, Sachse GW, Gregory GL, Woerner MA, Watson CE, Hill GF, Collins JE. Airborne flux measurements of trace species in an Arctic boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ritter JA, Lenschow DH, Barrick JDW, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Hill GF, Woerner MA. Airborne flux measurements and budget estimates of trace species over the Amazon Basin during the GTE/ABLE 2B expedition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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