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Karabulut E, Celik FA, Korkmaz ET. The long-lived reactive nitrogen species in the troposphere: DFTB model for atmospheric applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5569-5581. [PMID: 36727207 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05344f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The longest lived reactive NO2 molecule formation in a dry and clean air environment under a high-temperature shock wave was investigated under three basic reactions (R2 for the O + NO system, R6 for the NO + NO3 system, and R7 for the NO + O3 system) in the atmospheric environment. With certain approaches, a DFTB3 model was used, which gave results close to the density functional theory. In the calculations, the related reactions up to 250 ps were examined at individual specific temperatures, and the temperature ranges that contributed to the formation of the NO2 molecule were determined. Moreover, a shock wave with both heating and cooling channels was applied only on R2 to see whether molecular concentrations were in good agreement with atmospheric information. The reaction products were examined under a shock wave of about 20 ps. At the end of the study, the applicability of the DFTB model to atmospheric systems was demonstrated by comparing it with experimental data and information. QCT approach was also used for the calculation of reaction rate constants of only O2-formation on the O + NO system. Here, all systems are focused on nitrogen species containing oxygen. In particular, the highest-population NO molecule that emerged in the lightning flash event was used as the reactant, while systems existing with the longest lived NO2 in the atmosphere after the lightning flash were focused in the product channel. As a result of the study, the hypothesis of geophysicists that almost all NO2 formed in the lightning flash event originates from the NO + O system was disproved. It has been proven that the presence of NO3 molecules that can withstand high temperatures in such systems should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezman Karabulut
- Vocational School of Health Services, Bitlis Eren University, 13000 Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ahmet Celik
- Faculty of Arts&Sciences, Physics Department, Bitlis Eren University, 13000 Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Ebru Tanboğa Korkmaz
- Faculty of Arts&Sciences, Physics Department, Bitlis Eren University, 13000 Bitlis, Turkey
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2
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Karabulut E. Oxygen Molecule Formation and the Puzzle of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide during Lightning Flash. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5363-5374. [PMID: 35920809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the compounds of the natural air atmosphere, the lightning systems are primarily focused on NO(X2Π), NO2(12A'), and O(3P) concentrations that occurred newly and highly in the ground electronic structure. While the NO/NO2 concentrations ratio is about 2000 during the lightning flash, this ratio becomes about 0.8 right after the lightning flash. The reason for this decrease in the ratio is the disappearance of the high temperature that prevents the formation of NO2 (with the combination of NO and O) and of the photon energy that causes its dissociation (NO2 + hv → NO + O) right after the lightning flash. However, this study will focus on the reactions that contribute to the NO concentration, except for the combination of N and O atoms during lightning flash. To do this, it was focused on the reactive scattering states (especially the NO-exchange) of the NO + O collision and the photo-dissociation of NO2, which provide the formation of the NO molecule in the ground electronic state. This case raises important questions. To what extent do the NO-exchange reaction and the photo-dissociation of NO2 contribute to the atmospherically observed NO molecules? or how can the vibrational quantum states of the NO molecules formed by the photo-dissociation be effected on the NO + O1 collision to produce a NO1 molecule? These conditions may contribute to the concentrations of NO high during lightning flashes. Under low collision energy (between 0.1 and 0.3 eV), the NO (v = 0) population dissociated by a photon can act as reactants in the NO-exchange reactive scattering on the doublet electronic state. Since it is assumed that all of the NO2 molecules are due to NO in the lightning flash system, this is one of the reasons that makes the NO population so high during lightning flash. Therefore, in the light of considering that the lightning system supports the formation of highly vibrating molecular groups, it might also support the formation of O2 molecules. In particular, it was shown that the v = 4 quantum state of the NO molecule over the doublet state between collision energies of 0.9-1.5 eV and the v = 5 quantum state of the NO molecule over the quartet state between collision energies of 1.0-1.5 eV contribute to O2 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezman Karabulut
- Vocational School of Health Service, Bitlis Eren University, 13000 Bitlis, Turkey
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Caracciolo A, Zhang J, Lahankar SA, Minton TK. Dynamics of Inelastic and Reactive Collisions of 16O( 3P) with 15N 18O. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2091-2102. [PMID: 35324196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of O(3P) + NO collisions were investigated at a collision energy of ⟨Ecoll⟩ = 84.0 kcal mol-1 with the use of a crossed molecular beams apparatus employing a rotatable mass spectrometer detector. This experiment was performed with beams of 16O atoms and isotopically labeled 15N18O molecules to enable the products of reactive and inelastic scattering to be distinguished. Three scattering pathways were observed: inelastic scattering (16O + 15N18O), O-atom exchange (18O + 15N16O), and O-atom abstraction (18O16O + 15N). All product channels exhibited a preponderance of forward scattering, but scattering over a broad angular range was also observed for all products. For inelastic scattering, an average of 90% of the collision energy is retained in the translation of 16O and 15N18O. On the other hand, for O-atom exchange (which also leads to O + NO products), the collision energy is partitioned roughly evenly between the translation of 18O + 15N16O and the internal excitation of 15N16O. The available energy for O-atom abstraction is significantly lower than the collision energy because of the endoergicity of this reaction, but the available energy is again roughly evenly partitioned between the translation of 18O16O + 15N and the internal excitation of the molecular (O2) product. The relative yields of the three scattering pathways were determined to be 0.751 for inelastic scattering, 0.220 for O-atom exchange, and 0.029 for O-atom abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Caracciolo
- Ann and H. J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sridhar A Lahankar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Timothy K Minton
- Ann and H. J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Brune WH, McFarland PJ, Bruning E, Waugh S, MacGorman D, Miller DO, Jenkins JM, Ren X, Mao J, Peischl J. Extreme oxidant amounts produced by lightning in storm clouds. Science 2021; 372:711-715. [PMID: 33927054 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lightning increases the atmosphere's ability to cleanse itself by producing nitric oxide (NO), leading to atmospheric chemistry that forms ozone (O3) and the atmosphere's primary oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (OH). Our analysis of a 2012 airborne study of deep convection and chemistry demonstrates that lightning also directly generates the oxidants OH and the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2). Extreme amounts of OH and HO2 were discovered and linked to visible flashes occurring in front of the aircraft and to subvisible discharges in electrified anvil regions. This enhanced OH and HO2 is orders of magnitude greater than any previous atmospheric observation. Lightning-generated OH in all storms happening at the same time globally can be responsible for a highly uncertain, but substantial, 2 to 16% of global atmospheric OH oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Brune
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - P J McFarland
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - E Bruning
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - S Waugh
- National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Norman, OK, USA
| | - D MacGorman
- National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Norman, OK, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.,School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - D O Miller
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - J M Jenkins
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - X Ren
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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Mohammadi E, Petera L, Saeidfirozeh H, Knížek A, Kubelík P, Dudžák R, Krůs M, Juha L, Civiš S, Coulon R, Malina O, Ugolotti J, Ranc V, Otyepka M, Šponer J, Ferus M, Šponer JE. Formic Acid, a Ubiquitous but Overlooked Component of the Early Earth Atmosphere. Chemistry 2020; 26:12075-12080. [PMID: 32293757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial volcanism has been one of the dominant geological forces shaping our planet since its earliest existence. Its associated phenomena, like atmospheric lightning and hydrothermal activity, provide a rich energy reservoir for chemical syntheses. Based on our laboratory simulations, we propose that on the early Earth volcanic activity inevitably led to a remarkable production of formic acid through various independent reaction channels. Large-scale availability of atmospheric formic acid supports the idea of the high-temperature accumulation of formamide in this primordial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Mohammadi
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Petera
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Homa Saeidfirozeh
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Knížek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubelík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Dudžák
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Krůs
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Juha
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 18200, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Svatopluk Civiš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Rémi Coulon
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Malina
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juri Ugolotti
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ferus
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Judit E Šponer
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
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Murphy DM, Fahey DW, Proffitt MH, Liu SC, Chan KR, Eubank CS, Kawa SR, Kelly KK. Reactive nitrogen and its correlation with ozone in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Goldenbaum GC, Dickerson RR. Nitric oxide production by lightning discharges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Price C, Rind D. A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Yoshida S, Morimoto T, Ushio T, Kawasaki Z. A fifth-power relationship for lightning activity from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Langford AO. Spectroscopic measurements of NO2in a Colorado thunderstorm: Determination of the mean production by cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Zhang X. Numerical modeling of lightning-produced NOxusing an explicit lightning scheme: 1. Two-dimensional simulation as a “proof of concept”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Bond DW, Zhang R, Tie X, Brasseur G, Huffines G, Orville RE, Boccippio DJ. NOxproduction by lightning over the continental United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Soriano LR, de Pablo F, Díez EG. Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in the Iberian Peninsula: 1992-1994. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Tie X, Zhang R, Brasseur G, Emmons L, Lei W. Effects of lightning on reactive nitrogen and nitrogen reservoir species in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Nna Mvondo D, Navarro-Gonzalez R, McKay CP, Coll P, Raulin F. Production of nitrogen oxides by lightning and coronae discharges in simulated early Earth, Venus and Mars environments. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2001; 27:217-223. [PMID: 11605635 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements for the production of nitrogen oxides (NO and N2O) in CO2-N2 mixtures that simulate different stages of the evolution of the atmospheres of the Earth, Venus and Mars. The nitrogen fixation rates by two different types of electrical discharges, namely lightning and coronae, were studied over a wide range in CO2 and N2 mixing ratios. Nitric oxide (NO) is formed with a maximum energy yield estimated to be ~1.3 x 10(16) molecule J-1 at 80% CO2 and ~1.3 x 10(14) molecule J-1 at 50% CO2 for lightning and coronae discharges, respectively. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is only formed by coronae discharge with a maximum energy yield estimated to be ~1.2 x 10(13) molecule J-1 at 50% CO2. The pronounced difference in NO production in lightning and coronae discharges and the lack of formation of N2O in lightning indicate that the physics and chemistry involved in nitrogen fixation differs substantially in these two forms of electric energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nna Mvondo
- Laboratorio de Quimica de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Cuidad Universitaria, Apartado Posatl 70-543, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
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16
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Wang C, Prinn RG. On the roles of deep convective clouds in tropospheric chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Cook DR, Liaw YP, Sisterson DL, Miller NL. Production of nitrogen oxides by a large spark generator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Jeker DP, Pfister L, Thompson AM, Brunner D, Boccippio DJ, Pickering KE, Wernli H, Kondo Y, Staehelin J. Measurements of nitrogen oxides at the tropopause: Attribution to convection and correlation with lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Simpson D, Winiwarter W, Börjesson G, Cinderby S, Ferreiro A, Guenther A, Hewitt CN, Janson R, Khalil MAK, Owen S, Pierce TE, Puxbaum H, Shearer M, Skiba U, Steinbrecher R, Tarrasón L, Öquist MG. Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huntrieser H, Schlager H, Feigl C, Höller H. Transport and production of NOXin electrified thunderstorms: Survey of previous studies and new observations at midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Wang Y, DeSilva AW, Goldenbaum GC, Dickerson RR. Nitric oxide production by simulated lightning: Dependence on current, energy, and pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Coppens F, Berton R, Bondiou-Clergerie A, Gallimberti I. Theoretical estimate of NOxproduction in lightning corona. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Price C, Penner J, Prather M. NOxfrom lightning: 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Price C, Penner J, Prather M. NOxfrom lightning: 2. Constraints from the global atmospheric electric circuit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Levy H, Moxim WJ, Kasibhatla PS. A global three-dimensional time-dependent lightning source of tropospheric NOx. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Ridley BA, Dye JE, Walega JG, Zheng J, Grahek FE, Rison W. On the production of active nitrogen by thunderstorms over New Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Stark MS, Harrison JTH, Anastasi C. Formation of nitrogen oxides by electrical discharges and implications for atmospheric lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Kumar PP, Manohar GK, Kandalgaonkar SS. Global distribution of nitric oxide produced by lightning and its seasonal variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Biazar AP, McNider RT. Regional estimates of lightning production of nitrogen oxides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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32
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Price C, Rind D. Possible implications of global climate change on global lightning distributions and frequencies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Kotamarthi VR, Ko MKW, Weisenstein DK, Rodriguez JM, Sze ND. Effect of lightning on the concentration of odd nitrogen species in the lower stratosphere: An update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Franzblau E, Popp CJ, Prestbo EW, Marley NA, Gaffney JS. Remote measurement of NO2 in the brown cloud over Albuquerque, New Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1993; 24:231-242. [PMID: 24227381 DOI: 10.1007/bf00545980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Remote measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were recorded in the 'brown cloud' over Albuquerque, NM, using absorption spectroscopy in the winter of 1987-88 and summer of 1989. The NO2 burdens (optical densities) measured in this manner were found to be in excess of 100 ppm-m. These long pathlength measurements correspond to total concentrations of approximately 5-10 ppb over the integrated observation pathlengths, which ranged from 10-20 km. These concentrations compare well with single location, independent NO x analyses. Using two correlation (absorption) spectrometers simultaneously, it was shown that the NO2 distribution is not uniform over the city and can change on the order of minutes in the boundary layer late in the day, demonstrating the advantages of NO2 optical measurements for assessing the location and extent of urban nitrogen dioxide levels in the boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Franzblau
- Chemistry Department and Geophysical Research Center, New Mexico Tech, 87801, Socorro, New Mexico, USA
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35
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Penner JE, Atherton CS, Dignon J, Ghan SJ, Walton JJ, Hameed S. Tropospheric nitrogen: A three-dimensional study of sources, distributions, and deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liaw YP, Sisterson DL, Miller NL. Comparison of field, laboratory, and theoretical estimates of global nitrogen fixation by lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id13p22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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