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Abstract
Abstract
Remarkable progress has occurred over the last 100 years in our understanding of atmospheric chemical composition, stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, urban air pollution, acid rain, and the formation of airborne particles from gas-phase chemistry. Much of this progress was associated with the developing understanding of the formation and role of ozone and of the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, in the stratosphere and troposphere. The chemistry of the stratosphere, emerging from the pioneering work of Chapman in 1931, was followed by the discovery of catalytic ozone cycles, ozone destruction by chlorofluorocarbons, and the polar ozone holes, work honored by the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina. Foundations for the modern understanding of tropospheric chemistry were laid in the 1950s and 1960s, stimulated by the eye-stinging smog in Los Angeles. The importance of the hydroxyl (OH) radical and its relationship to the oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) emerged. The chemical processes leading to acid rain were elucidated. The atmosphere contains an immense number of gas-phase organic compounds, a result of emissions from plants and animals, natural and anthropogenic combustion processes, emissions from oceans, and from the atmospheric oxidation of organics emitted into the atmosphere. Organic atmospheric particulate matter arises largely as gas-phase organic compounds undergo oxidation to yield low-volatility products that condense into the particle phase. A hundred years ago, quantitative theories of chemical reaction rates were nonexistent. Today, comprehensive computer codes are available for performing detailed calculations of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms for atmospheric reactions. Understanding the future role of atmospheric chemistry in climate change and, in turn, the impact of climate change on atmospheric chemistry, will be critical to developing effective policies to protect the planet.
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Yu P, Toon OB, Bardeen CG, Mills MJ, Fan T, English JM, Neely RR. Evaluations of tropospheric aerosol properties simulated by the community earth system model with a sectional aerosol microphysics scheme. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2015; 7:865-914. [PMID: 27668039 PMCID: PMC5020605 DOI: 10.1002/2014ms000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A sectional aerosol model (CARMA) has been developed and coupled with the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). Aerosol microphysics, radiative properties, and interactions with clouds are simulated in the size-resolving model. The model described here uses 20 particle size bins for each aerosol component including freshly nucleated sulfate particles, as well as mixed particles containing sulfate, primary organics, black carbon, dust, and sea salt. The model also includes five types of bulk secondary organic aerosols with four volatility bins. The overall cost of CESM1-CARMA is approximately ∼2.6 times as much computer time as the standard three-mode aerosol model in CESM1 (CESM1-MAM3) and twice as much computer time as the seven-mode aerosol model in CESM1 (CESM1-MAM7) using similar gas phase chemistry codes. Aerosol spatial-temporal distributions are simulated and compared with a large set of observations from satellites, ground-based measurements, and airborne field campaigns. Simulated annual average aerosol optical depths are lower than MODIS/MISR satellite observations and AERONET observations by ∼32%. This difference is within the uncertainty of the satellite observations. CESM1/CARMA reproduces sulfate aerosol mass within 8%, organic aerosol mass within 20%, and black carbon aerosol mass within 50% compared with a multiyear average of the IMPROVE/EPA data over United States, but differences vary considerably at individual locations. Other data sets show similar levels of comparison with model simulations. The model suggests that in addition to sulfate, organic aerosols also significantly contribute to aerosol mass in the tropical UTLS, which is consistent with limited data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA; Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Owen B Toon
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA; Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Michael J Mills
- National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Tianyi Fan
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA; Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA; Now at College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Jason M English
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Ryan R Neely
- National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA; National Centre for Atmospheric Science and Institute of Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of the Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Leeds UK
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Gibson KD, Langlois GG, Li W, Killelea DR, Sibener SJ. Molecular interactions with ice: molecular embedding, adsorption, detection, and release. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:18C514. [PMID: 25399179 DOI: 10.1063/1.4895970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of atomic and molecular species with water and ice is of fundamental importance for chemistry. In a previous series of publications, we demonstrated that translational energy activates the embedding of Xe and Kr atoms in the near surface region of ice surfaces. In this paper, we show that inert molecular species may be absorbed in a similar fashion. We also revisit Xe embedding, and further probe the nature of the absorption into the selvedge. CF4 molecules with high translational energies (≥3 eV) were observed to embed in amorphous solid water. Just as with Xe, the initial adsorption rate is strongly activated by translational energy, but the CF4 embedding probability is much less than for Xe. In addition, a larger molecule, SF6, did not embed at the same translational energies that both CF4 and Xe embedded. The embedding rate for a given energy thus goes in the order Xe > CF4 > SF6. We do not have as much data for Kr, but it appears to have a rate that is between that of Xe and CF4. Tentatively, this order suggests that for Xe and CF4, which have similar van der Waals radii, the momentum is the key factor in determining whether the incident atom or molecule can penetrate deeply enough below the surface to embed. The more massive SF6 molecule also has a larger van der Waals radius, which appears to prevent it from stably embedding in the selvedge. We also determined that the maximum depth of embedding is less than the equivalent of four layers of hexagonal ice, while some of the atoms just below the ice surface can escape before ice desorption begins. These results show that energetic ballistic embedding in ice is a general phenomenon, and represents a significant new channel by which incident species can be trapped under conditions where they would otherwise not be bound stably as surface adsorbates. These findings have implications for many fields including environmental science, trace gas collection and release, and the chemical composition of astrophysical icy bodies in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Gibson
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Grant G Langlois
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wenxin Li
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Daniel R Killelea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W. Sheridan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | - S J Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Drdla K, Turco RP, Elliott S. Heterogeneous chemistry on Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds: A microphysical estimate of the extent of chemical processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mulvaney R, Wolff EW. Evidence for winter/spring denitrification of the stratosphere in the nitrate record of Antarctic firn cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Collins RL, Bowman KP, Gardner CS. Polar stratospheric clouds at the South Pole in 1990: Lidar observations and analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morten Hundt P, Bisson R, Beck RD. The sticking probability of D2O-water on ice: Isotope effects and the influence of vibrational excitation. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:074701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4742914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Leu MT. Laboratory studies of interaction between trace gases and sulphuric acid or sulphate aerosols using flow-tube reactors. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235031000087282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Taun Leu
- a Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA , 91109 , USA
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Bardeen CG, Toon OB, Jensen EJ, Hervig ME, Randall CE, Benze S, Marsh DR, Merkel A. Numerical simulations of the three-dimensional distribution of polar mesospheric clouds and comparisons with Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) experiment and the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Peter T, Müller R, Drdla K, Petzoldt K, Reimer E. A Micro-Physical Box Model for EASOE: Preliminary Results for the January/February 1990 PSC Event over Kiruna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Supercooled Sulfuric Acid Droplets: Perturbed Stratospheric Chemistry in Early Winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Müller R, Peter T. The Numerical Modelling of the Sedimentation of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zellner R, Behr P, Seisel S, Somnitz H, Treuel L. Chemistry and Microphysics of Atmospheric Aerosol Surfaces: Laboratory Techniques and Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2009.6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A number of current techniques are presented by which the chemistry of interaction of selected gas phase species with atmospheric surfaces as well as the microphysical behaviour of such surfaces can be investigated. The techniques discussed include (i) the coated wall flow tube reactor, (ii) the Knudsen-cell / DRIFT spectroscopy, (iii) the surface aerosol microscopy and (iv) the molecular beam scattering technique. In each of these methods specific and robust information is deduced on the kinetics and thermodynamics of gas adsorption and reaction on surfaces. Specific examples include the adsorption of acetone on ice surfaces, the adsorption and reaction of SO2 on iron oxides, the hygroscopic and phase behaviour of binary and ternary salt solution droplets (ammonium sulphate and ammonium sulphate / dicarboxylic acids solutions) as well as on the dynamics of inelastic collisions of noble gases on super-cooled sulphuric acid surfaces. In addition we also show how quantum chemistry can be utilized to assist in interpreting absorption energies on structurally different ice surfaces. Whilst each example represents different aspects of heterogenous atmospheric interactions, they jointly represent significant progress in laboratory investigations of multi-phase atmospheric chemistry with substantial potential for application to other systems and/or problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Behr
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Essen, Deutschland
| | | | - Holger Somnitz
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Essen, Deutschland
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Megner L, Siskind DE, Rapp M, Gumbel J. Global and temporal distribution of meteoric smoke: A two-dimensional simulation study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Murray BJ, Bertram AK. Inhibition of solute crystallisation in aqueous H+–NH4+–SO42−–H2O droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3287-301. [DOI: 10.1039/b802216j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shibata T, Vömel H, Hamdi S, Kaloka S, Hasebe F, Fujiwara M, Shiotani M. Tropical cirrus clouds near cold point tropopause under ice supersaturated conditions observed by lidar and balloon-borne cryogenic frost point hygrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Benson CM, Drdla K, Nedoluha GE, Shettle EP, Hoppel KW, Bevilacqua RM. Microphysical modeling of southern polar dehydration during the 1998 winter and comparison with POAM III observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rankin AM, Wolff EW. A year-long record of size-segregated aerosol composition at Halley, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Mund C, Zellner R. Raman- and Mie-spectroscopic studies of the cooling behaviour of levitated, single sulfuric acid/H2O microdroplets. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:638-45. [PMID: 12836489 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200200629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Mund
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Lu R. Dry deposition of airborne trace metals on the Los Angeles Basin and adjacent coastal waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pierce RB, Al-Saadi J, Fairlie TD, Natarajan M, Harvey VL, Grose WL, Russell JM, Bevilacqua R, Eckermann SD, Fahey D, Popp P, Richard E, Stimpfle R, Toon GC, Webster CR, Elkins J. Large-scale chemical evolution of the Arctic vortex during the 1999/2000 winter: HALOE/POAM III Lagrangian photochemical modeling for the SAGE III-Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Pierce
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - J. Al-Saadi
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | | | - M. Natarajan
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - V. L. Harvey
- Science Applications International Corporation; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - W. L. Grose
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - J. M. Russell
- Center for Atmospheric Sciences; Hampton University; Hampton Virginia USA
| | | | | | - D. Fahey
- Aeronomy Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Popp
- Aeronomy Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Richard
- Aeronomy Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. Stimpfle
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. Elkins
- NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
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Drdla K, Schoeberl MR, Browell EV. Microphysical modeling of the 1999-2000 Arctic winter: 1. Polar stratospheric clouds, denitrification, and dehydration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Montmessin F. New insights into Martian dust distribution and water-ice cloud microphysics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Larsen N. Microphysical mesoscale simulations of polar stratospheric cloud formation constrained by in situ measurements of chemical and optical cloud properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Jensen EJ. Impact of polar stratospheric cloud particle composition, number density, and lifetime on denitrification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jensen EJ, Pfister L, Ackerman AS, Tabazadeh A, Toon OB. A conceptual model of the dehydration of air due to freeze-drying by optically thin, laminar cirrus rising slowly across the tropical tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Cherng B, Tao FM. Formation of ammonium halide particles from pure ammonia and hydrogen halide gases: A theoretical study on small molecular clusters (NH3–HX)n (n=1, 2, 4; X=F, Cl, Br). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1328392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Toon OB, Tabazadeh A, Browell EV, Jordan J. Analysis of lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds during January 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Livingston FE, George SM. Effect of HNO3 and HCl on HDO Diffusion on Crystalline D2O Ice Multilayers. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9833294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank E. Livingston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Steven M. George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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32
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Colaprete A, Toon OB, Magalhães JA. Cloud formation under Mars Pathfinder conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Santee ML, Manney GL, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. Six years of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Seasonal, interhemispheric, and interannual variations in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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David C, Bekki S, Godin S, Mégie G, Chipperfield MP. Polar stratospheric clouds climatology over Dumont d'Urville between 1989 and 1993 and the influence of volcanic aerosols on their formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Santee ML, Tabazadeh A, Manney GL, Salawitch RJ, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Implications for Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Livingston FE, Whipple GC, George SM. Surface and bulk diffusion of HDO on ultrathin single-crystal ice multilayers on Ru(001). J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Liquid and solid particles in polar stratospheric clouds are of central importance for the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Surface-catalyzed reactions on these particles, and diffusion-controlled processes in the bulk of the particles, convert halogens, which derive from compounds of mainly anthropogenic origin, from relatively inert reservoir species into forms that efficiently destroy ozone. The microphysics of these particles under cold stratospheric conditions is still uncertain in many respects, in particular concerning phase transitions such as freezing nucleation and deposition nucleation. Furthermore, there are indications that the rates of key heterogeneous reactions have not yet been established with sufficient accuracy to enable a reliable diagnosis of observed ozone losses by means of global models. The present paper reviews the current (late 1996) knowledge of the physico-chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds and evaluates the remaining uncertainties with respect to their ozone depletion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany
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Livingston FE, Whipple GC, George SM. Diffusion of HDO into Single-Crystal H216O Ice Multilayers: Comparison with H218O. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp963252o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. E. Livingston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - G. C. Whipple
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - S. M. George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Robinson Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - D. J. Doren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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Mergenthaler JL, Kumer JB, Roche AE, Massie ST. Distribution of Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds as seen by the CLAES experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lu R, Turco RP, Jacobson MZ. An integrated air pollution modeling system for urban and regional scales: 1. Structure and performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lutman ER, Pyle JA, Chipperfield MP, Lary DJ, Kilbane-Dawe I, Waters JW, Larsen N. Three-dimensional studies of the 1991/1992 northern hemisphere winter using domain-filling trajectories with chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Brown DE, George SM. Surface and Bulk Diffusion of H218O on Single-Crystal H216O Ice Multilayers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp952670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - S. M. George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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Jensen EJ, Toon OB, Selkirk HB, Spinhirne JD, Schoeberl MR. On the formation and persistence of subvisible cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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De Rudder A, Larsen N, Tie X, Brassuer GP, Granier C. Model study of polar stratospheric clouds and their effect on stratospheric ozone: 1. Model description. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lambert A, Grainger RG, Remedios JJ, Reburn WJ, Rodgers CD, Taylor FW, Roche AE, Kumer JB, Massie ST, Deshler T. Validation of aerosol measurements from the improved stratospheric and mesospheric sounder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brown DE, George SM, Huang C, Wong EKL, Rider KB, Smith RS, Kay BD. H2O Condensation Coefficient and Refractive Index for Vapor-Deposited Ice from Molecular Beam and Optical Interference Measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp952547j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ravishankara AR, Hanson DR. Differences in the reactivity of type I polar stratospheric clouds depending on their phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Phase changes in stratospheric aerosols were studied by cooling a droplet of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) in the presence of nitric acid (HNO(3)) and water vapor. A sequence of solid phases was observed to form that followed Ostwald's rule for phase nucleation. For stratospheric partial pressures at temperatures between 193 and 195 kelvin, a metastable ternary H(2)SO(4)-HNO(3) hydrate, H(2)SO(4) . HNO(3) . 5H(2)O, formed in coexistence with binary H(2)SO(4) . kH(2)O hydrates (k = 2, 3, and 4) and then transformed to nitric acid dihydrate, HNO(3) . 2H(2)O, within a few hours. Metastable HNO(3) . 2H(2)O always formed before stable nitric acid trihydrate, HNO(3).3H(2)O, under stratospheric conditions and persisted for long periods. The formation of metastable phases provides a mechanism for differential particle growth and sedimentation of HNO(3) from the polar winter stratosphere.
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MacKenzie AR, Kulmala M, Laaksonen A, Vesala T. On the theories of type 1 polar stratospheric cloud formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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