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Stubble burn area estimation and its impact on ambient air quality of Patiala & Ludhiana district, Punjab, India. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03095. [PMID: 31970295 PMCID: PMC6965717 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stubble burning during October and November, results in the extensive formation of smoke cloud over the Punjab region, and maybe one of the main reasons behind the increase in air pollution levels in these areas. The manual detection and estimation are tedious, lengthy and unpractical, so several researchers have been using remote sensing and GIS technique to estimate stubble burn areas and forest fires. Thus, in the present study, an attempt has been made to detect and estimate the stubble burn area. Landsat 8 OLI images are used to detect the stubble burn area for the year 2014-18 for Patiala and Ludhiana, which are major rice producing districts of Punjab. Normalize Burn Ratio (NBR) index have been used to determine the burned area in an image using a statistical threshold technique (2σ approach). The results have been validated using available as well as collected Ground Control Points (GCPs) and accuracy assessment has been conducted by generating an error matrix. It has been estimated that the stubble burn area was reduced by 32% and 40% during the study period for Patiala and Ludhiana regions, respectively. The monthly variation for various pollutants (RSPM, NOx, and SO2) during the study period has also been studied and analyzed. The distinct increase in pollutant levels has been observed during each stubble burning period. The results also indicate that the amount of emitted RSPM and NOx was higher than the emitted SO2 during stubble burning. The wind rose diagrams have also been plotted.
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Tian H, Yang J, Xu R, Lu C, Canadell JG, Davidson EA, Jackson RB, Arneth A, Chang J, Ciais P, Gerber S, Ito A, Joos F, Lienert S, Messina P, Olin S, Pan S, Peng C, Saikawa E, Thompson RL, Vuichard N, Winiwarter W, Zaehle S, Zhang B. Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:640-659. [PMID: 30414347 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding and quantification of global soil nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions and the underlying processes remain largely uncertain. Here, we assessed the effects of multiple anthropogenic and natural factors, including nitrogen fertilizer (N) application, atmospheric N deposition, manure N application, land cover change, climate change, and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, on global soil N2 O emissions for the period 1861-2016 using a standard simulation protocol with seven process-based terrestrial biosphere models. Results suggest global soil N2 O emissions have increased from 6.3 ± 1.1 Tg N2 O-N/year in the preindustrial period (the 1860s) to 10.0 ± 2.0 Tg N2 O-N/year in the recent decade (2007-2016). Cropland soil emissions increased from 0.3 Tg N2 O-N/year to 3.3 Tg N2 O-N/year over the same period, accounting for 82% of the total increase. Regionally, China, South Asia, and Southeast Asia underwent rapid increases in cropland N2 O emissions since the 1970s. However, US cropland N2 O emissions had been relatively flat in magnitude since the 1980s, and EU cropland N2 O emissions appear to have decreased by 14%. Soil N2 O emissions from predominantly natural ecosystems accounted for 67% of the global soil emissions in the recent decade but showed only a relatively small increase of 0.7 ± 0.5 Tg N2 O-N/year (11%) since the 1860s. In the recent decade, N fertilizer application, N deposition, manure N application, and climate change contributed 54%, 26%, 15%, and 24%, respectively, to the total increase. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration reduced soil N2 O emissions by 10% through the enhanced plant N uptake, while land cover change played a minor role. Our estimation here does not account for indirect emissions from soils and the directed emissions from excreta of grazing livestock. To address uncertainties in estimating regional and global soil N2 O emissions, this study recommends several critical strategies for improving the process-based simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Rongting Xu
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Chaoqun Lu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eric A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jinfeng Chang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Stefan Gerber
- IFAS, Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Palmira Messina
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Stefan Olin
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shufen Pan
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases (AIR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- The Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany
| | - Bowen Zhang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Hall SJ, Matson PA, Roth PM. NOxEMISSIONS FROM SOIL: Implications for Air Quality Modeling in Agricultural Regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J. Hall
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Pamela A. Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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