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Bates TS, Calhoun JA, Quinn PK. Variations in the methanesulfonate to sulfate molar ratio in submicrometer marine aerosol particles over the south Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thompson AM, Ann Huntley M, Stewart RW. Perturbations to tropospheric oxidants, 1985-2035: 1. Calculations of ozone and OH in chemically coherent regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p09829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Law KS, Pyle JA. Modeling trace gas budgets in the troposphere: 1. Ozone and odd nitrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Berntsen T, Isaksen ISA, Fuglestvedt JS. Chemical-dynamical Modelling of the Atmosphere with Emphasis on the Methane Oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang L, He X, Chen W. Effects of elevated ozone on photosynthetic CO2 exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in leaves of Quercus mongolica grown in urban area. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 82:478-481. [PMID: 19011725 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the responses of photosynthesis in leaves of Quercus mongolica to elevated O(3) exposure in an urban area. The results showed that the photosynthesis parameters were all decreased by the elevated O(3) during the whole season. Especially, light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (A) was reduced about 72% after 45 days exposure, and over the whole growing season, the differences were significant (p<0.05) compared with control. The reduction is related to both stomatal and non-stomatal factors, including a decrease (about 9%) in the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F(v)/F(m)) detected after 90 days O(3) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Liu H, Crawford JH, Pierce RB, Norris P, Platnick SE, Chen G, Logan JA, Yantosca RM, Evans MJ, Kittaka C, Feng Y, Tie X. Radiative effect of clouds on tropospheric chemistry in a global three-dimensional chemical transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Mao H. Global and seasonal variations of O3and NO2photodissociation rate coefficients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Emmons LK. Budget of tropospheric ozone during TOPSE from two chemical transport models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Spivakovsky CM, Logan JA, Montzka SA, Balkanski YJ, Foreman-Fowler M, Jones DBA, Horowitz LW, Fusco AC, Brenninkmeijer CAM, Prather MJ, Wofsy SC, McElroy MB. Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Milne PJ, Prados AI, Dickerson RR, Doddridge BG, Riemer DD, Zika RG, Merrill JT, Moody JL. Nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios in continental outflow air from eastern North America: Export of ozone precursors to Bermuda. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Johnson CE, Collins WJ, Stevenson DS, Derwent RG. Relative roles of climate and emissions changes on future tropospheric oxidant concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tang X, Madronich S, Wallington T, Calamari D. Changes in tropospheric composition and air quality. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1998; 46:83-95. [PMID: 9894352 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reductions in stratospheric ozone (O3) cause increased penetration of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to the troposphere, and therefore increases in the chemical activity in the lower atmosphere (the troposphere). Tropospheric ozone levels are sensitive to local concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbons. Model studies suggest that additional UV-B radiation reduces tropospheric ozone in clean environments (low NOx), and increases tropospheric ozone in polluted areas (high NOx). Assuming other factors remain constant, additional UV-B will increase the rate at which primary pollutants are removed from the troposphere. Increased UV-B is expected to increase the concentration of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and result in faster removal of pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Concentrations of peroxy radicals (both inorganic and organic) are expected to increase, leading to higher atmospheric levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic peroxides. The effects of UV-B increases on tropospheric O3, OH, methane, CO, and possibly other tropospheric constituents, while not negligible, will be difficult to detect because the concentrations of these species are also influenced by many other variable factors (e.g., emissions). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, CF3COOH) is produced in the atmosphere by the degradation of HCFC-123 (CF3CHCl2), HCFC-124 (CF3CHFCl), and HFC-134a (CF3CH2F), which are used as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances. The atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of these replacement compounds are well established. Reported measurements of TFA in rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans show it to be a ubiquitous component of the hydrosphere, present at levels much higher than can be explained by reported sources. The levels of TFA produced by the atmospheric degradation of HFCs and HCFCs emitted up to the year 2020 are estimated to be orders of magnitude below those of concern, and to make only a minor contribution to the current environmental burden of TFA. No significant effects on humans or the environment have been identified from TFA produced by atmospheric degradation of HCFCs and HFCs. Numerous standard short-term studies have shown that TFA has, at most, moderate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tang
- Peking University, Center of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Lee M, Heikes BG, Jacob DJ. Enhancements of hydroperoxides and formaldehyde in biomass burning impacted air and their effect on atmospheric oxidant cycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang Y, Jacob DJ, Logan JA. Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry: 1. Model formulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fleming EL, Chandra S, Jackman CH, Considine DB, Douglass AR. The middle atmospheric response to short and long term solar UV variations: analysis of observations and 2D model results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(94)e0013-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sillman S, Samson PJ. Impact of temperature on oxidant photochemistry in urban, polluted rural and remote environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hauglustaine DA, Granier C, Brasseur GP, Mégie G. The importance of atmospheric chemistry in the calculation of radiative forcing on the climate system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Poppe D, Zimmermann J, Bauer R, Brauers T, Brüning D, Callies J, Dorn HP, Hofzumahaus A, Johnen FJ, Khedim A, Koch H, Koppmann R, London H, Müller KP, Neuroth R, Plass-Dülmer C, Platt U, Rohrer F, Röth EP, Rudolph J, Schmidt U, Wallasch M, Ehhalt DH. Comparison of measured OH concentrations with model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The principal oxidants in the lower atmosphere are ozone (O3) and two by-products of O3 photodissociation, the hydroxyl radical (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A number of critical atmospheric chemical problems depend on the earth's "oxidizing capacity," which is essentially the global burden of these oxidants. There is limited direct evidence for changes in the earth's oxidizing capacity since recent preindustrial times when, because of industrial and population growth, increasing amounts of O3 precursor trace gases (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons) have been released into the atmosphere. The concentrations of O3 and possibly H2O2 have increased over large regions. Models predict that tropospheric O3 will increase approximately 0.3 to 1% per year over the next 50 years with both positive and negative trends possible for OH and H2O2. Models and the observational network for oxidants are improving, but validation of global models is still at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Thompson
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center, Laboratory for Atmospheres, Greenbelt, MD 20771
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Johnson C, Henshaw J, Mclnnes G. Impact of aircraft and surface emissions of nitrogen oxides on tropospheric ozone and global warming. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/355069a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ryan WF, Dickerson RR, Huffman GJ, Luke WT. Tropospheric chemistry over the lower Great Plains of the United States. 1. Meteorology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Slemr F, Langer E. Increase in global atmospheric concentrations of mercury inferred from measurements over the Atlantic Ocean. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/355434a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thompson AM, Stewart RW. Effect of chemical kinetics uncertainties on calculated constituents in a tropospheric photochemical model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sillman S. A numerical solution for the equations of tropospheric chemistry based on an analysis of sources and sinks of odd hydrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Thompson AM, Huntley MA, Stewart RW. Perturbations to tropospheric oxidants, 1985–2035: 2. Calculations of hydrogen peroxide in chemically coherent regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90267-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Poulida O, Dickerson RR, Doddridge BG, Holland JZ, Wardell RG, Watkins JG. Trace gas concentrations and meteorology in rural Virginia: 1. Ozone and carbon monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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