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Yáñez-Serrano AM, Bourtsoukidis E, Alves EG, Bauwens M, Stavrakou T, Llusià J, Filella I, Guenther A, Williams J, Artaxo P, Sindelarova K, Doubalova J, Kesselmeier J, Peñuelas J. Amazonian biogenic volatile organic compounds under global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4722-4751. [PMID: 32445424 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play important roles at cellular, foliar, ecosystem and atmospheric levels. The Amazonian rainforest represents one of the major global sources of BVOCs, so its study is essential for understanding BVOC dynamics. It also provides insights into the role of such large and biodiverse forest ecosystem in regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate. We review the current information on Amazonian BVOCs and identify future research priorities exploring biogenic emissions and drivers, ecological interactions, atmospheric impacts, depositional processes and modifications to BVOC dynamics due to changes in climate and land cover. A feedback loop between Amazonian BVOCs and the trends of climate and land-use changes in Amazonia is then constructed. Satellite observations and model simulation time series demonstrate the validity of the proposed loop showing a combined effect of climate change and deforestation on BVOC emission in Amazonia. A decreasing trend of isoprene during the wet season, most likely due to forest biomass loss, and an increasing trend of the sesquiterpene to isoprene ratio during the dry season suggest increasing temperature stress-induced emissions due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Yáñez-Serrano
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Efstratios Bourtsoukidis
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eliane G Alves
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Maite Bauwens
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joan Llusià
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Doubalova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Modelling and Assessment Department, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jürgen Kesselmeier
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Clifton OE, Fiore AM, Massman WJ, Baublitz CB, Coyle M, Emberson L, Fares S, Farmer DK, Gentine P, Gerosa G, Guenther AB, Helmig D, Lombardozzi DL, Munger JW, Patton EG, Pusede SE, Schwede DB, Silva SJ, Sörgel M, Steiner AL, Tai APK. Dry Deposition of Ozone over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:10.1029/2019RG000670. [PMID: 33748825 PMCID: PMC7970530 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short-lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely-used models. If coordinated with short-term field intensives, laboratory studies, and mechanistic modeling, measurements from a few long-term sites would bridge the molecular to ecosystem scales necessary to establish the relative importance of individual deposition pathways and the extent to which they vary in space and time. Our recommended approaches seek to close knowledge gaps that currently limit quantifying the impact of ozone dry deposition on air quality, ecosystems, and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - William J Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Colleen B Baublitz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Mhairi Coyle
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK and The James Hutton Institute, Craigibuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council of Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, and National Research Council, Institute of Bioeconomy, Rome, Italy
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giacomo Gerosa
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del S. C., Brescia, Italy
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Donna B Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sam J Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Sörgel
- Max Plank Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Allison L Steiner
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
Isoprene photooxidation is a major driver of atmospheric chemistry over forested regions. Isoprene reacts with hydroxyl radicals (OH) and molecular oxygen to produce isoprene peroxy radicals (ISOPOO). These radicals can react with hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) to dominantly produce hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). They can also react with nitric oxide (NO) to largely produce methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR). Unimolecular isomerization and bimolecular reactions with organic peroxy radicals are also possible. There is uncertainty about the relative importance of each of these pathways in the atmosphere and possible changes because of anthropogenic pollution. Herein, measurements of ISOPOOH and MVK + MACR concentrations are reported over the central region of the Amazon basin during the wet season. The research site, downwind of an urban region, intercepted both background and polluted air masses during the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. Under background conditions, the confidence interval for the ratio of the ISOPOOH concentration to that of MVK + MACR spanned 0.4-0.6. This result implies a ratio of the reaction rate of ISOPOO with HO2 to that with NO of approximately unity. A value of unity is significantly smaller than simulated at present by global chemical transport models for this important, nominally low-NO, forested region of Earth. Under polluted conditions, when the concentrations of reactive nitrogen compounds were high (>1 ppb), ISOPOOH concentrations dropped below the instrumental detection limit (<60 ppt). This abrupt shift in isoprene photooxidation, sparked by human activities, speaks to ongoing and possible future changes in the photochemistry active over the Amazon rainforest.
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Sources and sinks of trace gases in Amazonia and the Cerrado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Yu J, Meixner FX, Sun W, Liang Z, Chen Y, Mamtimin B, Wang G, Sun Z. Biogenic nitric oxide emission from saline sodic soils in a semiarid region, northeastern China: A laboratory study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Yu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research for Sustainable Development; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai, Shandong China
- Biogeochemistry Department; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
- Da'an Experimental Station of Sodic Soil Ecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
| | - Franz X. Meixner
- Biogeochemistry Department; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - Weidong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochronology and Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wushan, Guangzhou China
| | - Zhengwei Liang
- Da'an Experimental Station of Sodic Soil Ecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Da'an Experimental Station of Sodic Soil Ecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
| | - Buhalqem Mamtimin
- Biogeochemistry Department; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - Guoping Wang
- Da'an Experimental Station of Sodic Soil Ecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
| | - Zhigao Sun
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research for Sustainable Development; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai, Shandong China
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Li D, Wang X, Sheng G, Mo J, Fu J. Soil nitric oxide emissions after nitrogen and phosphorus additions in two subtropical humid forests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Controls over nitric oxide and ammonia emissions from Mojave Desert soils. Oecologia 2008; 156:871-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Veldkamp E, Purbopuspito J, Corre MD, Brumme R, Murdiyarso D. Land use change effects on trace gas fluxes in the forest margins of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edzo Veldkamp
- Buesgen Institute, Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems; Georg-August University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Joko Purbopuspito
- Buesgen Institute, Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems; Georg-August University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Marife D. Corre
- Buesgen Institute, Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems; Georg-August University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Rainer Brumme
- Buesgen Institute, Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems; Georg-August University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Daniel Murdiyarso
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR; Situgede, Sindangbarang, Bogor Indonesia
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Li D, Wang X, Mo J, Sheng G, Fu J. Soil nitric oxide emissions from two subtropical humid forests in south China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Q, Han Z, Higano Y. An inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 135:83-90. [PMID: 15701395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The emission of NO was parameterized using empirical relationships with landuse type, fertilization rate and soil temperature. Eight landuse types (including four arable lands) were considered. Fertilization rates were distinguished for different regions and crops. A typical summer period of July in 1999 was chosen for detailed calculations. The total NO emission in the July is 141.1 Gg N, with 73.7% from arable lands and 22.0% from grasslands. The highest emission intensity can be more than 40 ng N m(-2) s(-1) in the heavily fertilized North China Plain, and the average of the whole lands is 6.5 ng N m(-2) s(-1). The annual emission was roughly estimated to be 657 Gg N, about 11.7% of the global total (5600 Gg N, reported by IPCC in 2000), and about 12.5% of the anthropogenic origin in China. Our results were compared with some earlier findings, and uncertainties were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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11
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Andreae MO. Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA-EUSTACH experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Ganzeveld LN. Atmosphere-biosphere trace gas exchanges simulated with a single-column model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Rummel U. Eddy covariance measurements of nitric oxide flux within an Amazonian rain forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Gut A. NO emission from an Amazonian rain forest soil: Continuous measurements of NO flux and soil concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Gut A. Exchange fluxes of NO2and O3at soil and leaf surfaces in an Amazonian rain forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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van Dijk SM. Biogenic NO emissions from forest and pasture soils: Relating laboratory studies to field measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li Y, Aneja VP, Arya SP, Rickman J, Brittig J, Roelle P, Kim DS. Nitric oxide emission from intensively managed agricultural soil in North Carolina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sun J, Massman W. Ozone transport during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jonquières I, Marenco A. Redistribution by deep convection and long-range transport of CO and CH4emissions from the Amazon basin, as observed by the airborne campaign TROPOZ II during the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Wang Y, Logan JA, Jacob DJ. Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry: 2. Model evaluation and global ozone budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Holland EA, Braswell BH, Lamarque JF, Townsend A, Sulzman J, Müller JF, Dentener F, Brasseur G, Levy H, Penner JE, Roelofs GJ. Variations in the predicted spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and their impact on carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Veldkamp E, Keller M. Nitrogen oxide emissions from a banana plantation in the humid tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hall SJ, Matson PA, Roth PM. NOxEMISSIONS FROM SOIL: Implications for Air Quality Modeling in Agricultural Regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J. Hall
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Pamela A. Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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25
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Lamarque JF, Brasseur GP, Hess PG, Müller JF. Three-dimensional study of the relative contributions of the different nitrogen sources in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Le Roux X, Abbadie L, Lensi R, Serça D. Emission of nitrogen monoxide from African tropical ecosystems: Control of emission by soil characteristics in humid and dry savannas of West Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Neff JC, Keller M, Holland EA, Weitz AW, Veldkamp E. Fluxes of nitric oxide from soils following the clearing and burning of a secondary tropical rain forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chameides WL, Kasibhatla PS, Yienger J, Levy H. Growth of Continental-Scale Metro-Agro-Plexes, Regional Ozone Pollution, and World Food Production. Science 1994; 264:74-7. [PMID: 17778137 DOI: 10.1126/science.264.5155.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Three regions of the northern mid-latitudes, the continental-scale metro-agro-plexes, presently dominate global industrial and agricultural productivity. Although these regions cover only 23 percent of the Earth's continents, they account for most of the world's commercial energy consumption, fertilizer use, food-crop production, and food exports. They also account for more than half of the world's atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NOx,) emissions and, as a result, are prone to ground-level ozone (O(3)) pollution during the summer months. On the basis of a global simulation of atmospheric reactive nitrogen compounds, it is estimated that about 10 to 35 percent of the world's grain production may occur in parts of these regions where ozone pollution may reduce crop yields. Exposure to yield-reducing ozone pollution may triple by 2025 if rising anthropogenic NOx emissions are not abated.
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30
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Sanhueza E, Cárdenas L, Donoso L, Santana M. Effect of plowing on CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, and NO fluxes from tropical savannah soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Williams E, Davidson E. An intercomparison of two chamber methods for the determination of emission of nitric oxide from soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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34
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Valente RJ, Thornton FC. Emissions of NO from soil at a rural site in central Tennessee. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Stocker DW, Stedman DH, Zeller KF, Massman WJ, Fox DG. Fluxes of nitrogen oxides and ozone measured by eddy correlation over a shortgrass prairie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Cros B, Fontan J, Minga A, Helas G, Nganga D, Delmas R, Chapuis A, Benech B, Druilhet A, Andreae MO. Vertical profiles of ozone between 0 and 400 meters in and above the African equatorial forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Bakwin PS, Wofsy SC, Fan SM, Fitzjarrald DR. Measurements of NOxand NOyconcentrations and fluxes over Arctic tundra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Müller JF. Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Davidson EA, Vitousek PM, Matson PA, Riley R, García-Méndez G, Maass JM. Soil emissions of nitric oxide in a seasonally dry tropical forest of México. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Trumbore SE, Keller M, Wofsy SC, da Costa JM. Measurements of soil and canopy exchange rates in the Amazon rain forest using222Rn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Fan SM, Wofsy SC, Bakwin PS, Jacob DJ, Fitzjarrald DR. Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2and O3in the central Amazon Forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Andreae MO, Berresheim H, Bingemer H, Jacob DJ, Lewis BL, Li SM, Talbot RW. The atmospheric sulfur cycle over the Amazon Basin: 2. Wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Fitzjarrald DR, Moore KE. Mechanisms of nocturnal exchange between the rain forest and the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Jacob DJ, Wofsy SC. Budgets of reactive nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and ozone over the Amazon forest during the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Scala JR, Garstang M, Tao WK, Pickering KE, Thompson AM, Simpson J, Kirchhoff VWJH, Browell EV, Sachse GW, Torres AL, Gregory GL, Rasmussen RA, Khalil MAK. Cloud draft structure and trace gas transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Singh HB, Herlth D, O'Hara D, Salas L, Torres AL, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Kasting JF. Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements over the Brazilian Amazon Basin during the wet season: Relationships with nitrogen oxides and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Harriss RC, Garstang M, Wofsy SC, Beck SM, Bendura RJ, Coelho JRB, Drewry JW, Hoell JM, Matson PA, McNeal RJ, Molion LCB, Navarro RL, Rabine V, Snell RL. The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment: Wet season 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Fitzjarrald DR, Moore KE, Cabral OMR, Scolar J, Manzi AO, de Abreu Sá LD. Daytime turbulent exchange between the Amazon forest and the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Gregory GL, Browell EV, Warren LS, Hudgins CH. Amazon Basin ozone and aerosol: Wet season observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Bakwin PS, Wofsy SC, Fan SM. Measurements of reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) within and above a tropical forest canopy in the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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